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1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards are ducks. 3. Rhododendrons are bushes. 4. Beechesare trees. 5. Kangaroos are marsupials. 6. Emeralds are gems.Answers to Exercise 5: Chinese opera. _ singers, __ dancers, __ acrobats. The acrobats, __ fights. thefights, the acrobats, __ swords, the swords, the dancers, _ scarves. The dancers, thescarves, _ patterns. screen, __ musicians. The musicians. The instruments, _ drums,cymbals, __ flutes, gong. The flutes, the gong. hero, heroi ne. The hero, theheroine, magician. The hero, the heroine the opera.Answers to Exercise 6:1. The [nationality ending in sh] 2. The [considered as a class] 3. _ [a profession] 4. __[general statement] 5. The [obvious what is meant] 6. The [nationality ending in ch] 7._ [profession] 8. __ [general statement] 9. The [considered as a class] 10. __[nationality not ending in ch, se or sh] 11. __ [profession]Answers to Exercise 7:1. The Hawaiian Islands, the Pacific Ocean 2. __ Salt Lake City, __ Utah 3. _ London,the Thames River 4. The Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea 5. __ LakeHuron. _ Lake Erie, the Great Lakes 6. _ Calcutta, the Bay of Bengal 7. The NorthSea, the British Isles, __ Norway, _ Denmark 8. The Bay of Biscay, _ France 9. TheOrkney Islands, __ Scotland 10. _ Anticosti Island the Gulf of st. Lawrence 11. theSahara Desert, _ Algeria 12. __ Gerry, the Johnsons, __ Belleview Street 13. __ MountKilimanjaro, __ Lake Victoria 14. __ Vancouver Island, _ Canada 15. __ SerengetiNational Park, _ TanzaniaAnswers to Exercise 8:1. are 2. is 3. are 4. is 5. are 6. areCHAPTER 16. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSSome English nouns usually cannot form a plural or be preceded by a, an or a number.Because they usually cannot be preceded by a number, such nouns can be referred to asuncountable. English uncountable nouns include:a) nouns naming intangible things which normally cannot be counted:e.g. honestycourageimpatienceb) nouns naming tangible things which are thought of as substances:e.g. buttermilksandc) nouns naming groups of things which in English are referred to collectively:e.g. furnitureluggagenews
d) names of languages:e.g. EnglishGermanSpanishAn uncountable noun takes a singular verb.e.g. Honesty a virtue.Butter tastes good.Furniture was provided.1. The absence of a determiner before uncountable nounsa. Making a general statementIn general statements, uncountable nouns are usually not preceded by determiners. Theuncountable nouns in the following general statements are underlined.e.g. Information is often valuable.Butter is fattening.Courage and honesty are admirable qualities.Sunlight and water are usually required for plants to grow.b. Referring to something not mentioned beforeIn descriptions, uncountable nouns are generally not preceded by a determiner whennaming something which has not been referred to previously.e.g. Rain was forecast for the next day.However, thunder and lightning were not expected.Our breakfast consisted of bread, honey and marmalade.In these examples, the uncountable nouns rain, thunder, lightning, bread, honey andmarmalade are not preceded by determiners. It is assumed that the things referred toby these nouns have not been mentioned previously.See Exercise 1 .2. The use of The before uncountable nounsa. Referring to something mentioned beforeThe is used with uncountable nouns referri ng to things previously mentioned.e.g. We were served bread and cheese. The bread was somewhat stale, but the cheesewas delicious.Gold was discovered in the Klondike. The gold attracted thousands of prospectors.Furniture and clothing are being sold at the flea market. The furniture is reasonablypriced, and the clothing is cheap.In these examples, the first time the uncountable nouns bread, cheese, gold, furnitureand clothing are used, they are not preceded by determiners, because the things
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English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
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a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
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a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
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5. The use of some and any6. The us
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3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
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THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
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**** The other modal auxiliaries co
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she showit showwe showthey showshe
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Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
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we have been beingthey have been be
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hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
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It should be kept in mind that many
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subject you, whether you refers to
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They are awake.They are awake, aren
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12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
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When a verb ends in y immediately p
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Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
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6. He ____ the office every day. (t
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
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When a verb of more than one syllab
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not is placed after the subject. Ho
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It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
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They are being cautious, aren't the
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2. Formation of the present perfect
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stress. In the following examples,
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tense is the same for an irregular
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The use of the Present Perfect Cont
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2. Rewrite the following sentences,
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1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
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1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
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was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
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See Exercise 5.In order to change a
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Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
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contractions and the forms with con
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form, as well as other modal forms.
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tag questions are underlined. Contr
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In the preceding examples, the verb
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Emphatic statements are often used
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2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
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4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
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13. You did not ________ my letter.
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8. He was right. 9. She does unders
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will notwon'tThe contracted form of
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It should also be noted that the Pa
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they will have workedSee Exercise 9
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Tag questions are formed using the
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e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
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We will pass the exam.You _____ the
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9. Using either the auxiliary shall
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1. She_______________to help us. (t
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solved 9. shall have received or wi
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Negative Statement:Negative Questio
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They would not have worked.Negative
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The following table summarizes the
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3. I ________ everything carefully.
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7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
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Would she have been preparing for t
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1. Would he have been listening to
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they werethey wereFor any verb, the
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we had workedthey had workedwe had
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In each of these examples, the use
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See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
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. Forms of the verb used in the sub
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6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
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Does she wish it would snow?You wil
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___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
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emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
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1. would, have begun 2. would, have
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See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
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The most important meaning of can a
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5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
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For the Simple Present and the Simp
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Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
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8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
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7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
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8. They could help us.9. I won the
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He is not angry, and neither are we
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Page 162 and 163: See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
Page 164 and 165: She said something to her teacher.T
Page 166 and 167: Now they _____ the table.Now they a
Page 168 and 169: Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
Page 170 and 171: they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
Page 172 and 173: Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
Page 174 and 175: Perfect, with would I would have sh
Page 176 and 177: A similar example is:Active: The po
Page 178 and 179: or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
Page 180 and 181: Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
Page 182 and 183: 4. It is crucial that we ______ of
Page 184 and 185: 2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
Page 186 and 187: c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
Page 188 and 189: used for scientific purposes, form
Page 190 and 191: 2. The train has left.3. The bird w
Page 192 and 193: The reef attracts tourists.The reef
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Page 198 and 199: a. Referring to something mentioned
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Page 202 and 203: A musician must practise a great de
Page 204 and 205: UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
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Page 208 and 209: 6. Fill in each blank with the or l
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Page 214 and 215: This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
Page 216 and 217: In the first example, the skiing co
Page 218 and 219: 1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
Page 220 and 221: 6. You should practise _____ the sp
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Page 224 and 225: e.g. Our vice· president and treas
Page 226 and 227: 2. the policemen's warning3. the di
Page 228 and 229: 16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
Page 230 and 231: Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
Page 232 and 233: In the first example, they stands f
Page 234 and 235: When a personal pronoun is the subj
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Page 238 and 239: which agrees with singular antecede
Page 240 and 241: 2. My father told my uncle the stor
Page 242 and 243: 1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
Page 244 and 245: 10. You and I are good friends, ___
Page 246 and 247: Although they do not know it yet, t
Page 248 and 249: 1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
Page 250 and 251: Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
Page 252 and 253: 4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
Page 254 and 255: When used as adjectives or as inter
Page 256 and 257: verb or preposition, or modifies th
Page 258 and 259: You asked which boy did it.She want
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pronoun, which can refer to either
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antecedents. When used as a relativ
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Is this ready?Are these ready?This
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3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
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11. Using the introductory phrase W
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12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
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Please tell me whose house they vis
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most plural eN most trees nearly al
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few plural eN few of the trees a sm
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A sentence which contains the word
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e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
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e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
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The only trees were somewhat damage
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described in the main clauseSheThe
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All of the dogs pricked up their ea
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16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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EnglandFranceChinaEnglishFrenchChin
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In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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e.g. clear, cold watercold, hard ic
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material is used as a type of defin
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following adjective unpredictable t
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However, when a defining adjective
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adjectives are usually separated fr
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4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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Disconcerted by the news, we headed
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In the first example, will be close
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Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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At one end of the large old rectang
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7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
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Incorrect: Following in his footste
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flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
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as a predicate adjective, preceded
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e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
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KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
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two consonants (other than y)y prec
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In this example, Alan is being comp
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1. We are as proud as ______. (they
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7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
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9. The ______ temperature on record
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Rupert is as able an administrator
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and a few other two· syllableadjec
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For adjectives which form the compa
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with plural countable nouns, and li
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Yesterday he drankThe game requires
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e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
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example, those is used to replace t
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Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
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2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
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Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
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athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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It should be noted that the adverbs
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Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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He left his bicycle in the driveway
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word, in clauses indicating the exi
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Scarcely had we left the house, whe
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11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
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11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
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Tell me where you have been.Where h
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1. He needs no advice. or He does n
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v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
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uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
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However, there are several verbs wh
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littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
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We visited them less and less frequ
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14. She was signaling ______. (fran
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We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
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The more you study, the ___ you wil
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In the first example, the noun corn
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1. Lower than; under: below freezin
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Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
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Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
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y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
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(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
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on time: at the correct timewalk on
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Againsttake precautions againstForh
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Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
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5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
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agree withcollaborate withcommunica
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are quite intelligent.11. Since he
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14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
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to run intoto put offto look up tot
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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
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The following are examples of phras
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The following are examples of trans
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think up: inventtrack down: search
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The following are examples of expre
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followed by a preposition, and a ph
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frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
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pass around: distributeshow around:
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a. Expressions in which the verb ha
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2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
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1. The car slipped off the road . _
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11. The problem urgently requires a
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He neither finished his homework no
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1. later in time: After the train l
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in spite of thisat the time whenin
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accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
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pairs given in brackets. For exampl
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10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
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Answers8. The following sentences a
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Adjectives, comparative form follow
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Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
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consequently, used as connecting ad
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from, used after certain verbsfrom,
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Inverted word order, used with verb
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near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
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Participles, danglingParticiples us
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Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
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Spelling rules for adding ed to for
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thisthosethouthough, used as subord
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we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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