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antecedents. When used as a relative pronoun, what has the meaning the thing orthings that.e.g. What you say is true.What he did was wrong.In these examples, the relative pronoun what introduces the clauses what you say andwhat he did. Such clauses are often referred to as noun clauses, since they can servesome of the functions of a noun. For instance, in the preceding sentences, the clausewhat you say acts as the subject of the verb is, and the clause what he did acts as thesubject of the verb was.Whatever has the meaning no matter what, or anything which. Whoever has themeaning no matter who, or anyone who.e.g. You can tell me whatever you like.Let in whoever comes to the door.In these examples, the noun clauses whatever you like and whoever comes to thedoor act as the objects of the verbs in the main clauses.EXERCISES for Chapter 191. For each of the following general statements, change all of the pronouns andpossessive adjectives to agree with the pronoun given in brackets. For example:We must work to keep our environment healthy. (you)You must work to keep yo ur environment healthy.You should always pay your income tax before the deadline. (one)One should always pay one·s income tax before the deadline.One should not think only of oneself. (we)We should not think only of ourselves.1. We should work in order to realize our ambitions. (one)2. When you are overworked, you should try to give yourself time to relax. (we)3. One can never be sure whether one·s intuitions are correct. (you)4. If one organizes one·s time properly, one can accomplish a great deal. (we)5. If you own property, you should protect yourself with a good insurance policy. (one)6. We should never be afraid to state our views. (you)7. One should try to educate oneself as well as possible. (you)8. We should try to teach our children a sense of responsibility. (one)9. One can choose one·s friends, but one cannot choose one·s relatives. (we)10. We become mature when we learn to trust our own judgement. (you)11. You learn from your mistakes. (we)12. You should always treat your friends well. (one)Answers2. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with this or these. Use this torefer to a single person or thing, and use these to refer to more than one person orthing. For example:___ is her bicycle.This is her bicycle.
Is __jacket too large?Is this jacket too large?are our books.These are our books.boots are warm.These boots are warm.1. Does _____ bus go downtown?2. _____ are their suitcases.3. _____ is his camera.4. _____ trees are over one hundred years old.5. Is flower a daffodil?6. _____ women will perform the skit.7. _____ is the main entrance.8. _____ lakes are very deep.9. is their school.10. Are _____ radishes?Answers3. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with that or those. Use that torefer to a single person or thing, and use those to refer to more than one person orthing. For example:is a hovercraft.That is a hovercraft.___ plane flies to Geneva.That plane flies to Geneva.___ are peacocks.Those are peacocks.Are children on vacation?Are those children on vacation?1. _____ is his pen.2. _____ girls are Australian.3. Has _____ chair been painted?4. _____ watches are not expensive.5. Does _____ train usually arrive on time?6. Was _____ your friend?7. _____ are my cousins.8. _____ is a swan.9. Do ____ notebooks belong to you?10. _____ are the places we will visit.Answers4. Rewrite the following sentences, changing the subjects and verbs from the singularto the plural. For example:
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English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
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a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
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a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
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5. The use of some and any6. The us
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3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
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THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
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**** The other modal auxiliaries co
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she showit showwe showthey showshe
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Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
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we have been beingthey have been be
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hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
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It should be kept in mind that many
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subject you, whether you refers to
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They are awake.They are awake, aren
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12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
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When a verb ends in y immediately p
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Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
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6. He ____ the office every day. (t
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
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When a verb of more than one syllab
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not is placed after the subject. Ho
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It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
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They are being cautious, aren't the
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2. Formation of the present perfect
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stress. In the following examples,
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tense is the same for an irregular
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The use of the Present Perfect Cont
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2. Rewrite the following sentences,
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1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
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1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
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was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
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See Exercise 5.In order to change a
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Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
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contractions and the forms with con
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form, as well as other modal forms.
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tag questions are underlined. Contr
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In the preceding examples, the verb
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Emphatic statements are often used
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2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
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4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
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13. You did not ________ my letter.
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8. He was right. 9. She does unders
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will notwon'tThe contracted form of
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It should also be noted that the Pa
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they will have workedSee Exercise 9
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Tag questions are formed using the
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e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
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We will pass the exam.You _____ the
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9. Using either the auxiliary shall
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1. She_______________to help us. (t
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solved 9. shall have received or wi
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Negative Statement:Negative Questio
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They would not have worked.Negative
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The following table summarizes the
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3. I ________ everything carefully.
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7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
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Would she have been preparing for t
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1. Would he have been listening to
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they werethey wereFor any verb, the
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we had workedthey had workedwe had
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In each of these examples, the use
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See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
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. Forms of the verb used in the sub
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6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
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Does she wish it would snow?You wil
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___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
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emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
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1. would, have begun 2. would, have
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See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
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The most important meaning of can a
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5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
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For the Simple Present and the Simp
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Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
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8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
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7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
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8. They could help us.9. I won the
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He is not angry, and neither are we
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1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3.
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See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
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She said something to her teacher.T
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Now they _____ the table.Now they a
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Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
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they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
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Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
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Perfect, with would I would have sh
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A similar example is:Active: The po
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or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
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Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
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4. It is crucial that we ______ of
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2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
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c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
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used for scientific purposes, form
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2. The train has left.3. The bird w
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The reef attracts tourists.The reef
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opened. 7. The newspapers are read
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a long u, since these words are pro
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a. Referring to something mentioned
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I had never visited Seretnay Park b
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A musician must practise a great de
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UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
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a pair of pliersa pair of scissorsW
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6. Fill in each blank with the or l
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1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
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Page 214 and 215: This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
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Page 224 and 225: e.g. Our vice· president and treas
Page 226 and 227: 2. the policemen's warning3. the di
Page 228 and 229: 16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
Page 230 and 231: Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
Page 232 and 233: In the first example, they stands f
Page 234 and 235: When a personal pronoun is the subj
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Page 240 and 241: 2. My father told my uncle the stor
Page 242 and 243: 1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
Page 244 and 245: 10. You and I are good friends, ___
Page 246 and 247: Although they do not know it yet, t
Page 248 and 249: 1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
Page 250 and 251: Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
Page 252 and 253: 4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
Page 254 and 255: When used as adjectives or as inter
Page 256 and 257: verb or preposition, or modifies th
Page 258 and 259: You asked which boy did it.She want
Page 260 and 261: pronoun, which can refer to either
Page 264 and 265: Is this ready?Are these ready?This
Page 266 and 267: 3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
Page 268 and 269: 11. Using the introductory phrase W
Page 270 and 271: 12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
Page 272 and 273: Please tell me whose house they vis
Page 274 and 275: most plural eN most trees nearly al
Page 276 and 277: few plural eN few of the trees a sm
Page 278 and 279: A sentence which contains the word
Page 280 and 281: e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
Page 282 and 283: e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
Page 284 and 285: The only trees were somewhat damage
Page 286 and 287: described in the main clauseSheThe
Page 288 and 289: All of the dogs pricked up their ea
Page 290 and 291: 16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
Page 292 and 293: ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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Page 296 and 297: In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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Page 304 and 305: However, when a defining adjective
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Page 308 and 309: 4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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In the first example, will be close
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Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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At one end of the large old rectang
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7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
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Incorrect: Following in his footste
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flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
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as a predicate adjective, preceded
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e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
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KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
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two consonants (other than y)y prec
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In this example, Alan is being comp
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1. We are as proud as ______. (they
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7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
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9. The ______ temperature on record
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Rupert is as able an administrator
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and a few other two· syllableadjec
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For adjectives which form the compa
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with plural countable nouns, and li
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Yesterday he drankThe game requires
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e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
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example, those is used to replace t
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Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
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2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
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Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
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athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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It should be noted that the adverbs
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Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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He left his bicycle in the driveway
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word, in clauses indicating the exi
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Scarcely had we left the house, whe
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11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
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11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
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Tell me where you have been.Where h
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1. He needs no advice. or He does n
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v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
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uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
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However, there are several verbs wh
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littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
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We visited them less and less frequ
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14. She was signaling ______. (fran
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We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
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The more you study, the ___ you wil
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In the first example, the noun corn
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1. Lower than; under: below freezin
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Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
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Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
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y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
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(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
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on time: at the correct timewalk on
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Againsttake precautions againstForh
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Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
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5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
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agree withcollaborate withcommunica
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are quite intelligent.11. Since he
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14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
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to run intoto put offto look up tot
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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
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The following are examples of phras
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The following are examples of trans
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think up: inventtrack down: search
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The following are examples of expre
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followed by a preposition, and a ph
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frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
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pass around: distributeshow around:
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a. Expressions in which the verb ha
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2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
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1. The car slipped off the road . _
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11. The problem urgently requires a
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He neither finished his homework no
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1. later in time: After the train l
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in spite of thisat the time whenin
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accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
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pairs given in brackets. For exampl
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10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
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Answers8. The following sentences a
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Adjectives, comparative form follow
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Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
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consequently, used as connecting ad
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from, used after certain verbsfrom,
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Inverted word order, used with verb
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near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
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Participles, danglingParticiples us
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Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
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Spelling rules for adding ed to for
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thisthosethouthough, used as subord
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we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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