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used for scientific purposes, form the plural in the same way that they do in the originallanguage. For example:Singularanalysisaxisbasiscrisiscriterionhonorariumhypothesismediumnebulanucleusoasisparenthesisphenomenonspectrumsti mulusstratumsynopsissynthesisthesisvertebraPluralanalysesaxesbasescrisescriteriahonorariahypothesesmedianebulaenucleioasesparenthesesphenomenaspectrastimulistratasynopsessynthesesthesesvertebraeSee Exercise 7.g. Hyphenated nounsIn the case of nouns formed from two or more words joined by hyphens, usually only thelast word forms a plural. However, there are a few cases in which only the first wordforms a plural. For example:Singularbrother·in·lawdaughter·in·lawfather·in·lawmother·in·lawrunner·upsister·in·lawson·in·lawPluralbrothers·in·lawdaughters·in·lawfathers·in·lawmothers·i n·lawrunners· upsisters·in·lawsons·in·lawh. Numbers and lettersNumbers, letters, and other symbols can form plurals by adding 's. For example:Singular3bPlural3'sb's
% %'si. Irregular pluralsThe English language has not always used s to form plurals, There are still a few wordssurviving from Old English, which do not use s to form the plural. For example:SingularchildfootgoosetoothlousemouseoxmanwomanPluralchildrenfeetgeeseteethlicemiceoxenmenwomenNouns ending in man usually form the plural by changing man to men. For example:SingulargentlemanpolicemanpolicewomanPluralgentlemenpolicemenpolicewomenA few nouns do not change in the plural. For example:SingulardeersheepsalmonPluraldeersheepsalmonEXERCISES for Chapter 131. For each of the following sentences, change the subject of the verb to the plural,and change the verb so that it agrees with its subject. For example:The room is large.The rooms are large.The letter was delivered yesterday.The letters were delivered yesterday.The tourist has a map.The tourists have a map.The girl studies hard.The girls study hard.1. The book was heavy.
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English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
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a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
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a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
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5. The use of some and any6. The us
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3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
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THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
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**** The other modal auxiliaries co
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she showit showwe showthey showshe
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Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
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we have been beingthey have been be
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hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
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It should be kept in mind that many
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subject you, whether you refers to
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They are awake.They are awake, aren
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12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
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When a verb ends in y immediately p
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Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
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6. He ____ the office every day. (t
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
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When a verb of more than one syllab
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not is placed after the subject. Ho
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It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
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They are being cautious, aren't the
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2. Formation of the present perfect
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stress. In the following examples,
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tense is the same for an irregular
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The use of the Present Perfect Cont
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2. Rewrite the following sentences,
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1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
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1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
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was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
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See Exercise 5.In order to change a
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Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
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contractions and the forms with con
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form, as well as other modal forms.
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tag questions are underlined. Contr
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In the preceding examples, the verb
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Emphatic statements are often used
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2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
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4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
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13. You did not ________ my letter.
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8. He was right. 9. She does unders
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will notwon'tThe contracted form of
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It should also be noted that the Pa
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they will have workedSee Exercise 9
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Tag questions are formed using the
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e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
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We will pass the exam.You _____ the
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9. Using either the auxiliary shall
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1. She_______________to help us. (t
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solved 9. shall have received or wi
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Negative Statement:Negative Questio
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They would not have worked.Negative
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The following table summarizes the
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3. I ________ everything carefully.
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7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
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Would she have been preparing for t
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1. Would he have been listening to
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they werethey wereFor any verb, the
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we had workedthey had workedwe had
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In each of these examples, the use
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See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
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. Forms of the verb used in the sub
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6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
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Does she wish it would snow?You wil
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___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
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Page 140 and 141: 1. would, have begun 2. would, have
Page 142 and 143: See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
Page 144 and 145: The most important meaning of can a
Page 146 and 147: 5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
Page 148 and 149: For the Simple Present and the Simp
Page 150 and 151: Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
Page 152 and 153: 8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
Page 154 and 155: 7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
Page 156 and 157: 8. They could help us.9. I won the
Page 158 and 159: He is not angry, and neither are we
Page 160 and 161: 1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3.
Page 162 and 163: See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
Page 164 and 165: She said something to her teacher.T
Page 166 and 167: Now they _____ the table.Now they a
Page 168 and 169: Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
Page 170 and 171: they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
Page 172 and 173: Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
Page 174 and 175: Perfect, with would I would have sh
Page 176 and 177: A similar example is:Active: The po
Page 178 and 179: or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
Page 180 and 181: Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
Page 182 and 183: 4. It is crucial that we ______ of
Page 184 and 185: 2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
Page 186 and 187: c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
Page 190 and 191: 2. The train has left.3. The bird w
Page 192 and 193: The reef attracts tourists.The reef
Page 194 and 195: opened. 7. The newspapers are read
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Page 198 and 199: a. Referring to something mentioned
Page 200 and 201: I had never visited Seretnay Park b
Page 202 and 203: A musician must practise a great de
Page 204 and 205: UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
Page 206 and 207: a pair of pliersa pair of scissorsW
Page 208 and 209: 6. Fill in each blank with the or l
Page 210 and 211: 1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
Page 212 and 213: eferred to have not been mentioned
Page 214 and 215: This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
Page 216 and 217: In the first example, the skiing co
Page 218 and 219: 1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
Page 220 and 221: 6. You should practise _____ the sp
Page 222 and 223: that the house belongs to the Smith
Page 224 and 225: e.g. Our vice· president and treas
Page 226 and 227: 2. the policemen's warning3. the di
Page 228 and 229: 16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
Page 230 and 231: Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
Page 232 and 233: In the first example, they stands f
Page 234 and 235: When a personal pronoun is the subj
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which agrees with singular antecede
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2. My father told my uncle the stor
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1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
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10. You and I are good friends, ___
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Although they do not know it yet, t
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1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
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Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
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4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
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When used as adjectives or as inter
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verb or preposition, or modifies th
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You asked which boy did it.She want
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pronoun, which can refer to either
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antecedents. When used as a relativ
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Is this ready?Are these ready?This
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3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
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11. Using the introductory phrase W
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12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
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Please tell me whose house they vis
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most plural eN most trees nearly al
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few plural eN few of the trees a sm
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A sentence which contains the word
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e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
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e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
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The only trees were somewhat damage
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described in the main clauseSheThe
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All of the dogs pricked up their ea
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16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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EnglandFranceChinaEnglishFrenchChin
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In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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e.g. clear, cold watercold, hard ic
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material is used as a type of defin
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following adjective unpredictable t
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However, when a defining adjective
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adjectives are usually separated fr
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4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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Disconcerted by the news, we headed
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In the first example, will be close
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Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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At one end of the large old rectang
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7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
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Incorrect: Following in his footste
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flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
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as a predicate adjective, preceded
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e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
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KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
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two consonants (other than y)y prec
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In this example, Alan is being comp
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1. We are as proud as ______. (they
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7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
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9. The ______ temperature on record
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Rupert is as able an administrator
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and a few other two· syllableadjec
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For adjectives which form the compa
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with plural countable nouns, and li
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Yesterday he drankThe game requires
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e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
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example, those is used to replace t
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Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
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2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
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Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
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athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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It should be noted that the adverbs
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Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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He left his bicycle in the driveway
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word, in clauses indicating the exi
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Scarcely had we left the house, whe
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11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
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11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
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Tell me where you have been.Where h
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1. He needs no advice. or He does n
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v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
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uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
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However, there are several verbs wh
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littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
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We visited them less and less frequ
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14. She was signaling ______. (fran
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We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
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The more you study, the ___ you wil
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In the first example, the noun corn
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1. Lower than; under: below freezin
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Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
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Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
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y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
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(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
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on time: at the correct timewalk on
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Againsttake precautions againstForh
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Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
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5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
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agree withcollaborate withcommunica
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are quite intelligent.11. Since he
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14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
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to run intoto put offto look up tot
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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
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The following are examples of phras
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The following are examples of trans
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think up: inventtrack down: search
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The following are examples of expre
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followed by a preposition, and a ph
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frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
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pass around: distributeshow around:
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a. Expressions in which the verb ha
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2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
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1. The car slipped off the road . _
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11. The problem urgently requires a
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He neither finished his homework no
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1. later in time: After the train l
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in spite of thisat the time whenin
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accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
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pairs given in brackets. For exampl
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10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
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Answers8. The following sentences a
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Adjectives, comparative form follow
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Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
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consequently, used as connecting ad
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from, used after certain verbsfrom,
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Inverted word order, used with verb
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near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
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Participles, danglingParticiples us
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Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
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Spelling rules for adding ed to for
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thisthosethouthough, used as subord
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we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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