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1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3. Yes, she is. 4. Yes, he does. 5. Yes, they had. 6.Yes, he could. 7. Yes, she would. 8. Yes, he had.Answers to Exercise 15:1. No, she isn"t. 2. No, he won"t. 3. No, she wouldn"t. 4. No, they couldn"t. 5. No, shewon"t. 6. No, he shouldn·t. 7. No, we didn"t. 8. No, they couldn"t.Answers to Exercise 16:1. We are thirsty, and so are they. 2. You have been helpful, and so has she. 3. I swamto the island, and so did he. 4. He was riding a horse, and so were you. 5. They canunderstand Dutch, and so can we. 6. She enjoyed the trip, and so did I. 7. You shouldstudy hard, and so should they. 8. He reads a great deal, and so does she.Answers to Exercise 17:1. You haven·t finished supper, and neither has she. 2. He couldn"t tell the time, andneither could they. 3. She is not planning to go, and neither are we. 4. We didn"t waitlong, and neither did he. 5. He has not been feeling well, and neither have I. 6. Shecannot run fast, and neither can they. 7. We do not own a canary, and neither does he.8. You won·t be needing an umbrella, and neither will we.CHAPTER 11. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS1. Direct objectsMost of the verbs examined so far have been in the Active Voice. When a verb is in theActive Voice, the subject of the verb refers to the person or thing performing the actiondescribed by the verb; and the object of the verb refers to the person or thingreceiving the action described by the verb.In the following examples, the objects of the verbs are printed in bold type.e.g. He read the book.I did not see the balloon.They ate the potatoes quickly.She rode her bicycle along the sidewalk.Do we understand it?In these sentences, the verbs read, did see, ate, rode and do understand are in theActive Voice; and the words book, balloon, potatoes, bicycle and it are the objects ofthe verbs. These objects are said to be direct objects, because they refer to thingswhich receive directly the actions described by the verbs.See Exercise 1 .2. Lay and Lie, Raise and Rise, and Set and SitVerbs which take an object are usually called transitive verbs. Verbs which do not takean object are usually called intransitive verbs.
Many English verbs can be used either intransitively or transitively. For instance, in thesentence Most birds can fly, the verb to fly is intransitive, since it is used without anobject. But in the sentence This pilot will fly the plane, the verb to fly is transitive,si nce it takes the object plane.However, some English verbs can be used only intransitively. A few pairs of verbs shouldbe noted . The two verbs of each pair have similar meanings, but one of the verbs cantake an object, and the other cannot. In the following table, the verbs labeledintransitive are those which cannot take an object.Infinitive Siml!le Past Past Particil!leTransitive: to lay laid laidIntransitive: to lie lay lainTransitive: to raise raised raisedIntransitive: to rise rose risenTransitive: to set set setIntransitive: to sit sat satParticular care must be taken not to confuse the verbs to lay and to lie, since, as shownabove, the Simple Past of the verb to lie has the same form as the bare infinitive of theverb to lay.a. To Lay and To LieTo lay is a transitive verb, which can take an object. The following examples illustratethe use of the Present Continuous, Simple Past, and Present Perfect tenses of the verbto lay. The verbs are underlined, and the objects of the verbs are printed in bold type.e.g. I am layi ng the table.He laid a bet on the white horse.The hen has laid an egg.To lie is an intransitive verb, which cannot take an object. The following examplesillustrate the use of the Present Continuous, Simple Past, and Present Perfect tenses ofthe verb to lie.e.g. She is lyi ng on the sofa.We 1!v on the beach in the sun.He has lain in bed for a week.In these examples, it might appear that the words sofa, beach, and bed act as objectsof the verb to lie. However, this is not the case.Not only verbs, but also prepositions have the ability to take objects. A few commonlyused English prepositions are at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to and with. Prepositionswill be discussed in detail in a later chapter.In the examples above, sofa, and beach are objects of the preposition on; and bed isthe object of the preposition in.
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English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
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a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
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a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
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5. The use of some and any6. The us
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3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
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THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
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**** The other modal auxiliaries co
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she showit showwe showthey showshe
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Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
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we have been beingthey have been be
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hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
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It should be kept in mind that many
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subject you, whether you refers to
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They are awake.They are awake, aren
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12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
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When a verb ends in y immediately p
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Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
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6. He ____ the office every day. (t
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
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When a verb of more than one syllab
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not is placed after the subject. Ho
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It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
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They are being cautious, aren't the
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2. Formation of the present perfect
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stress. In the following examples,
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tense is the same for an irregular
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The use of the Present Perfect Cont
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2. Rewrite the following sentences,
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1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
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1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
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was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
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See Exercise 5.In order to change a
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Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
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contractions and the forms with con
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form, as well as other modal forms.
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tag questions are underlined. Contr
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In the preceding examples, the verb
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Emphatic statements are often used
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2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
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4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
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13. You did not ________ my letter.
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8. He was right. 9. She does unders
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will notwon'tThe contracted form of
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It should also be noted that the Pa
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they will have workedSee Exercise 9
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Tag questions are formed using the
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e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
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We will pass the exam.You _____ the
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9. Using either the auxiliary shall
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1. She_______________to help us. (t
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solved 9. shall have received or wi
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Negative Statement:Negative Questio
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Page 112 and 113: The following table summarizes the
Page 114 and 115: 3. I ________ everything carefully.
Page 116 and 117: 7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
Page 118 and 119: Would she have been preparing for t
Page 120 and 121: 1. Would he have been listening to
Page 122 and 123: they werethey wereFor any verb, the
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Page 126 and 127: In each of these examples, the use
Page 128 and 129: See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
Page 130 and 131: . Forms of the verb used in the sub
Page 132 and 133: 6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
Page 134 and 135: Does she wish it would snow?You wil
Page 136 and 137: ___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
Page 138 and 139: emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
Page 140 and 141: 1. would, have begun 2. would, have
Page 142 and 143: See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
Page 144 and 145: The most important meaning of can a
Page 146 and 147: 5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
Page 148 and 149: For the Simple Present and the Simp
Page 150 and 151: Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
Page 152 and 153: 8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
Page 154 and 155: 7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
Page 156 and 157: 8. They could help us.9. I won the
Page 158 and 159: He is not angry, and neither are we
Page 162 and 163: See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
Page 164 and 165: She said something to her teacher.T
Page 166 and 167: Now they _____ the table.Now they a
Page 168 and 169: Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
Page 170 and 171: they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
Page 172 and 173: Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
Page 174 and 175: Perfect, with would I would have sh
Page 176 and 177: A similar example is:Active: The po
Page 178 and 179: or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
Page 180 and 181: Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
Page 182 and 183: 4. It is crucial that we ______ of
Page 184 and 185: 2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
Page 186 and 187: c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
Page 188 and 189: used for scientific purposes, form
Page 190 and 191: 2. The train has left.3. The bird w
Page 192 and 193: The reef attracts tourists.The reef
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Page 198 and 199: a. Referring to something mentioned
Page 200 and 201: I had never visited Seretnay Park b
Page 202 and 203: A musician must practise a great de
Page 204 and 205: UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
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1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
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eferred to have not been mentioned
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This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
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In the first example, the skiing co
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1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
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6. You should practise _____ the sp
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that the house belongs to the Smith
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e.g. Our vice· president and treas
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2. the policemen's warning3. the di
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16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
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Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
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In the first example, they stands f
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When a personal pronoun is the subj
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The tree has lost two of its branch
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which agrees with singular antecede
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2. My father told my uncle the stor
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1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
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10. You and I are good friends, ___
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Although they do not know it yet, t
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1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
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Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
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4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
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When used as adjectives or as inter
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verb or preposition, or modifies th
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You asked which boy did it.She want
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pronoun, which can refer to either
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antecedents. When used as a relativ
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Is this ready?Are these ready?This
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3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
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11. Using the introductory phrase W
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12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
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Please tell me whose house they vis
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most plural eN most trees nearly al
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few plural eN few of the trees a sm
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A sentence which contains the word
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e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
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e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
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The only trees were somewhat damage
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described in the main clauseSheThe
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All of the dogs pricked up their ea
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16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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EnglandFranceChinaEnglishFrenchChin
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In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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e.g. clear, cold watercold, hard ic
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material is used as a type of defin
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following adjective unpredictable t
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However, when a defining adjective
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adjectives are usually separated fr
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4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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Disconcerted by the news, we headed
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In the first example, will be close
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Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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At one end of the large old rectang
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7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
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Incorrect: Following in his footste
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flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
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as a predicate adjective, preceded
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e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
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KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
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two consonants (other than y)y prec
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In this example, Alan is being comp
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1. We are as proud as ______. (they
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7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
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9. The ______ temperature on record
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Rupert is as able an administrator
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and a few other two· syllableadjec
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For adjectives which form the compa
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with plural countable nouns, and li
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Yesterday he drankThe game requires
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e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
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example, those is used to replace t
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Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
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2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
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Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
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athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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It should be noted that the adverbs
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Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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He left his bicycle in the driveway
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word, in clauses indicating the exi
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Scarcely had we left the house, whe
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11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
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11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
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Tell me where you have been.Where h
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1. He needs no advice. or He does n
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v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
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uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
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However, there are several verbs wh
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littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
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We visited them less and less frequ
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14. She was signaling ______. (fran
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We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
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The more you study, the ___ you wil
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In the first example, the noun corn
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1. Lower than; under: below freezin
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Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
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Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
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y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
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(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
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on time: at the correct timewalk on
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Againsttake precautions againstForh
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Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
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5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
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agree withcollaborate withcommunica
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are quite intelligent.11. Since he
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14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
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to run intoto put offto look up tot
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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
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The following are examples of phras
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The following are examples of trans
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think up: inventtrack down: search
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The following are examples of expre
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followed by a preposition, and a ph
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frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
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pass around: distributeshow around:
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a. Expressions in which the verb ha
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2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
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1. The car slipped off the road . _
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11. The problem urgently requires a
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He neither finished his homework no
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1. later in time: After the train l
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in spite of thisat the time whenin
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accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
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pairs given in brackets. For exampl
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10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
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Answers8. The following sentences a
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Adjectives, comparative form follow
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Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
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consequently, used as connecting ad
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from, used after certain verbsfrom,
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Inverted word order, used with verb
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near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
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Participles, danglingParticiples us
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Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
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Spelling rules for adding ed to for
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thisthosethouthough, used as subord
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we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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