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d. Nouns followed by descriptive phrasesExercisesCHAPTER 18. Personal pronouns1. The subjective case2. Agreement of personal pronouns with their antecedentsa. Male and female antecedentsb. Singular and plural antecedentsc. Human and non· human antecedents3. Special uses of it4. The objective case5. Possessive personal pronounsa. Possessive adjectivesi. Possessive adjectives used with gerundsb. Possessive pronouns6. Reflexive pronounsExercisesCHAPTER 19. Other pronouns1. Indefinite pronounsa. The use of one in general statements2. Reciprocal pronouns3. Demonstrative pronouns4. Interrogative pronounsa. Direct questionsb. The pronoun whoi. Whoii. Whomiii. Whosec. What and whichd. Indirect questionsi. Interrogative word as the subjectii. Interrogative word as the object of a verb or prepositioniii. The verb to be with a noun or pronoun complement5. Relative pronounsa. Defining and non·defining relative clausesi. Non·defining relative clausesii. Defi ning relative clausesb. Thatc. Whichd. Who, whom and whosee. Comparison of the use of that, which and whof. Other relative pronounsExercisesCHAPTER 20. Determiners1. Determiners used to refer to groups of two persons or things2. Determiners used as singular or plural pronouns3. The use of all, both and each4. The use of no, none and not
5. The use of some and any6. The use of another, other, others and else7. The use of only8. The use of few, little and several9. The expressions such . . . that, so . .. that and tooa. Such . . . thatb. So ... thatc. TooExercisesCHAPTER 21. Adjectives: Position in a sentence1. Proper adjectives2. Attributive adjectivesa. Order of attributive adjectivesi. Determinersii. General descriptive adjectivesiii. Adjectives indicating coloriv. Adjectives indicating materialsv. The position of proper adjectivesvi . Defining adjectivesvii. Ordinal adjectivesb. Punctuation used with attributive adjectivesc. Stress used with attributive adjectivesi. Adjectives indicating materialsii. Defining adjectives indicating location or timeiii. Defining adjectives indicating purpose3. Predicate adjectivesa. Attributive adjectives which can be used as predicate adjectivesi. Orderii. Punctuationb. Adjectives which can be used only as predicate adjectivesc. Linking verbs4. Interpolated adjectives5. Adjectival phrases and clauses6. Participles used as adjectivesa. Present participlesb. Past participlesc. Dangling participlesd. Past participles which follow the verb to beExercisesCHAPTER 22. Adjectives used in comparisons: Part I1. Positive forms of adjectives preceded and followed by asa. The positive form combined with a nounb. The use of ellipsisc. The use of the subjective case2. Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives which use endingsa. Com parative forms of adjectives which use endi ngsi. Spelling rulesii. Irregular adjectives
Page 2 and 3: English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
Page 4 and 5: a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
Page 6: a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
Page 11 and 12: 3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
Page 13 and 14: THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
Page 15 and 16: **** The other modal auxiliaries co
Page 17 and 18: she showit showwe showthey showshe
Page 19 and 20: Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
Page 21 and 22: we have been beingthey have been be
Page 23 and 24: hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
Page 25 and 26: It should be kept in mind that many
Page 27 and 28: subject you, whether you refers to
Page 29 and 30: They are awake.They are awake, aren
Page 31 and 32: 12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
Page 33 and 34: When a verb ends in y immediately p
Page 35 and 36: Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
Page 37: 6. He ____ the office every day. (t
Page 40 and 41: ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
Page 42 and 43: a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
Page 44 and 45: When a verb of more than one syllab
Page 46 and 47: not is placed after the subject. Ho
Page 48 and 49: It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
Page 50 and 51: They are being cautious, aren't the
Page 52 and 53: 2. Formation of the present perfect
Page 54 and 55: stress. In the following examples,
Page 56 and 57: tense is the same for an irregular
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The use of the Present Perfect Cont
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2. Rewrite the following sentences,
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1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
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1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
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was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
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See Exercise 5.In order to change a
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Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
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contractions and the forms with con
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form, as well as other modal forms.
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tag questions are underlined. Contr
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In the preceding examples, the verb
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Emphatic statements are often used
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2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
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4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
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13. You did not ________ my letter.
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8. He was right. 9. She does unders
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will notwon'tThe contracted form of
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It should also be noted that the Pa
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they will have workedSee Exercise 9
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Tag questions are formed using the
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e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
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We will pass the exam.You _____ the
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9. Using either the auxiliary shall
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1. She_______________to help us. (t
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solved 9. shall have received or wi
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Negative Statement:Negative Questio
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They would not have worked.Negative
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The following table summarizes the
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3. I ________ everything carefully.
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7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
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Would she have been preparing for t
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1. Would he have been listening to
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they werethey wereFor any verb, the
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we had workedthey had workedwe had
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In each of these examples, the use
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See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
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. Forms of the verb used in the sub
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6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
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Does she wish it would snow?You wil
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___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
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emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
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1. would, have begun 2. would, have
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See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
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The most important meaning of can a
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5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
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For the Simple Present and the Simp
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Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
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8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
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7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
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8. They could help us.9. I won the
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He is not angry, and neither are we
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1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3.
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See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
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She said something to her teacher.T
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Now they _____ the table.Now they a
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Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
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they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
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Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
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Perfect, with would I would have sh
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A similar example is:Active: The po
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or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
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Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
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4. It is crucial that we ______ of
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2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
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c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
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used for scientific purposes, form
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2. The train has left.3. The bird w
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The reef attracts tourists.The reef
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opened. 7. The newspapers are read
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a long u, since these words are pro
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a. Referring to something mentioned
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I had never visited Seretnay Park b
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A musician must practise a great de
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UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
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a pair of pliersa pair of scissorsW
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6. Fill in each blank with the or l
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1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
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eferred to have not been mentioned
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This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
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In the first example, the skiing co
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1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
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6. You should practise _____ the sp
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that the house belongs to the Smith
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e.g. Our vice· president and treas
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2. the policemen's warning3. the di
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16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
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Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
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In the first example, they stands f
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When a personal pronoun is the subj
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The tree has lost two of its branch
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which agrees with singular antecede
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2. My father told my uncle the stor
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1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
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10. You and I are good friends, ___
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Although they do not know it yet, t
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1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
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Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
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4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
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When used as adjectives or as inter
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verb or preposition, or modifies th
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You asked which boy did it.She want
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pronoun, which can refer to either
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antecedents. When used as a relativ
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Is this ready?Are these ready?This
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3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
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11. Using the introductory phrase W
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12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
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Please tell me whose house they vis
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most plural eN most trees nearly al
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few plural eN few of the trees a sm
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A sentence which contains the word
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e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
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e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
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The only trees were somewhat damage
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described in the main clauseSheThe
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All of the dogs pricked up their ea
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16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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EnglandFranceChinaEnglishFrenchChin
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In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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e.g. clear, cold watercold, hard ic
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material is used as a type of defin
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following adjective unpredictable t
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However, when a defining adjective
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adjectives are usually separated fr
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4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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Disconcerted by the news, we headed
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In the first example, will be close
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Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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At one end of the large old rectang
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7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
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Incorrect: Following in his footste
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flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
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as a predicate adjective, preceded
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e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
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KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
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two consonants (other than y)y prec
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In this example, Alan is being comp
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1. We are as proud as ______. (they
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7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
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9. The ______ temperature on record
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Rupert is as able an administrator
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and a few other two· syllableadjec
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For adjectives which form the compa
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with plural countable nouns, and li
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Yesterday he drankThe game requires
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e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
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example, those is used to replace t
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Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
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2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
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Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
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athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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It should be noted that the adverbs
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Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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He left his bicycle in the driveway
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word, in clauses indicating the exi
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Scarcely had we left the house, whe
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11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
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11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
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Tell me where you have been.Where h
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1. He needs no advice. or He does n
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v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
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uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
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However, there are several verbs wh
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littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
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We visited them less and less frequ
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14. She was signaling ______. (fran
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We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
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The more you study, the ___ you wil
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In the first example, the noun corn
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1. Lower than; under: below freezin
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Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
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Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
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y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
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(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
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on time: at the correct timewalk on
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Againsttake precautions againstForh
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Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
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5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
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agree withcollaborate withcommunica
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are quite intelligent.11. Since he
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14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
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to run intoto put offto look up tot
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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
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The following are examples of phras
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The following are examples of trans
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think up: inventtrack down: search
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The following are examples of expre
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followed by a preposition, and a ph
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frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
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pass around: distributeshow around:
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a. Expressions in which the verb ha
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2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
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1. The car slipped off the road . _
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11. The problem urgently requires a
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He neither finished his homework no
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1. later in time: After the train l
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in spite of thisat the time whenin
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accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
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pairs given in brackets. For exampl
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10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
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Answers8. The following sentences a
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Adjectives, comparative form follow
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Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
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consequently, used as connecting ad
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from, used after certain verbsfrom,
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Inverted word order, used with verb
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near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
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Participles, danglingParticiples us
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Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
Page 482 and 483:
Spelling rules for adding ed to for
Page 484 and 485:
thisthosethouthough, used as subord
Page 486 and 487:
we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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