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Tag questions are formed using the first auxiliary. In the following examples, thenegative tag questions are underlined. Contractions are usually used in negative tagquestions.Affi rmative StatementI had been working.They had been working.Affi rmative Statement with Tag Qu estionI had been working, hadn"t I?They had been working, hadn"t they?See Exercises 8 and 9.5. Summary of the formation of the English present and past tensesThe following table summarizes the formation of the English present and past tenses.Tense Auxilia!l": Verb FormSimple Present do/does ' bare infinitive ••Present Continuous am/is/are present participlePresent Perfect have/has past participlePresent Perfect Continuous have/has been present participleSimple Past did ' bare infinitive •••Past Continuous was/were present participlePast Perfect had past participlePast Perfect Continuous had been present participle• In the Simple Present and Simple Past tenses, the auxiliaries are used only foremphasis, and for the formation of questions and negative statements. Auxi liaries arenever used with the Simple Present or Simple Past of the verb to be .•• When used without the auxiliary, the third person singular of the Simple Present hasthe endi ng s .••• When the verb is used without the auxi liary, the Simple Past form of the verb isused. For regular verbs, and for many irregular verbs, the Simple Past has the sameform as the past participle.See Exercise 10.6. Emphatic statementsIn spoken English, words can be emphasized by being pronounced with a heavier stressthan usual. This type of emphasis is usually indicated in written English by means ofitalics or underlining. In the following examples, emphasized words are indicated bymeans of underlining.