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164 Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings Symmetrical pitch lattice steel roof on columns Symmetrical pitch lattice steel cantilever (umbrella) roof on steel columns North light lattice steel roof on columns Lattice girder flat roof with secondary steel beam on steel columns Long-span portal frame Symmetrical pitch lattice beam roof on columns Figure 4.1 Typical lattice and portal frame construction.
Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Lightweight Coverings 165 Functional requirements The functional requirements of framed structures are: ❏ ❏ ❏ Strength and stability Durability and freedom from maintenance Fire safety Strength and stability The strength of a structural frame depends on the strength of the material used in the fabrication of the members of the frame and also on the stability of the frame, which is dictated both by the way in which the members are connected and on the bracing across and between the frames. Steel is most used in framed structures because of its good compressive and tensile strength, and good strength-to- weight ratio. Hot rolled steel and coldformed strip steel provide a wide range of sections suited to the economical fabrication of structural frames. These sections are also relatively easy to recover and reuse at the end of the building’s life. Concrete has good compressive strength but poor tensile strength and so it is used as reinforced concrete in structural frames to benefit from the tensile strength of the steel and the compressive strength of the concrete. The concrete also provides protection against corrosion and damage by fire to the steel. Timber is often used in the fabrication of roof frames because it has adequate tensile and compressive strength to support the comparatively light loads. Timber tends to be used instead of steel to form lightweight roof frames because of its ease of handling and fixing. Durability and freedom from maintenance On exposure to air and moisture, unprotected steel corrodes to form an oxide coating, i.e. rust, which is permeable to moisture and thus encourages progressive corrosion, which may in time adversely affect the strength of the material. To inhibit rust, steel is painted, coated with zinc or encased in concrete. Painted surfaces will require periodic repainting. Any cutting and drilling operations will damage zinc or painted coatings. Reinforced concrete is highly durable and the surface will need little maintenance other than periodic cleaning. Seasoned, stress-graded timber treated against fungal and insect attack should require little maintenance during its useful life other than periodic staining or painting. Fire safety All loadbearing structures (including roofs) should be designed so that they do not fail prematurely during a fire. Providing the structure with the necessary fire resistance helps to reduce the risk posed by falling debris to building users, pedestrians and fire fighters. Elements of the structure that give support or stability to another element of the building must have no less fire resistance than the other supporting elements. Similarly, if a roof provides stability and support to columns, then the roof must have at least the same fire resistance as the columns. All roofs should have sufficient fire resistance to resist exposure from the underside of the roof, remaining sound for a minimum of 30 minutes. The same provision also applies to roofs that form part of a fire escape (appendix A, table A1). Where the roof performs the function of a floor, the minimum period of fire resistance is dependent on the purpose of the building and the height of the building (Table 4.1). If the building is constructed with a basement, this will also have an impact on the required fire resistance.
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BARRY’S ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION OF
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This edition first published 2014 T
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vi Contents 6 Structural Concrete F
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Acknowledgements Over the years our
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1 Introduction In Barry’s Introdu
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Introduction 3 Photograph 1.1 Frame
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Introduction 5 (2) Positional toler
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Introduction 7 some of the factors
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Introduction 9 Photograph 1.2 Artif
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Introduction 11 on legislation, oth
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Introduction 13 allow for innovatio
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2 Scaffolding, Façade Retention an
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Scaffolding, Façade Retention and
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3 Ground Stability, Foundations and
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Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Where the ground is susceptible to
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Heavy pad reinforcement Reinforceme
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Photograph 3.3 Driven precast concr
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Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Side lap of sheeting Sheeting screw
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Outline of straight line limited hy
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5 Structural Steel Frames Structura
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Structural Steel Frames 275 penetra
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Structural Steel Frames 277 calcula
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Structural Steel Frames 279 The lim
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Structural Steel Frames 281 420.5-
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Structural Steel Frames 283 no stro
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Structural Steel Frames 285 Channel
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One-way span floor and roof slabs R
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Structural Steel Frames 289 A disad
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Structural Steel Frames 291 Rib bea
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Structural Steel Frames 293 Timber
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Structural Steel Frames 295 Horizon
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Structural Steel Frames 297 Concret
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Beam End plate welded to beam Colum
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Structural Steel Frames 301 Cap pla
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Structural Steel Frames 303 Bearing
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Structural Steel Frames 305 Bolt fa
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Structural Steel Frames 307 Electro
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Structural Steel Frames 309 Types o
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Structural Steel Frames 311 Weld fa
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Structural Steel Frames 313 beam en
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Structural Steel Frames 315 Column
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A timber profile is cut to the same
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Structural Steel Frames 319 Square
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Structural Steel Frames 321 for a s
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Structural Steel Frames 323 Photogr
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Structural Steel Frames 327 Column
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Structural Steel Frames 329 Strengt
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Structural Steel Frames 331 Figure
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Structural Steel Frames 333 Floor b
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Structural Steel Frames 335 50 or 7
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Structural Steel Frames 339 rating,
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Structural Steel Frames 341 The adv
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Structural Steel Frames 343 Shear s
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Structural Concrete Frames 345 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 347 Work
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Structural Concrete Frames 349 6.2
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Structural Concrete Frames 351 is o
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Structural Concrete Frames 353 plac
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Structural Concrete Frames 355 Comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 357 Beam
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Structural Concrete Frames 359 cant
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Structural Concrete Frames 361 Clos
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Structural Concrete Frames 363 Rein
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Structural Concrete Frames 365 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 367 Sold
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Structural Concrete Frames 369 Hand
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Structural Concrete Frames 371 Conc
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Structural Concrete Frames 373 Edge
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Figure 6.23 Prop and deck floor pos
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Structural Concrete Frames 377 Main
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Structural Concrete Frames 379 Edge
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Handrail protects workers when pour
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Structural Concrete Frames 383 calc
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Structural Concrete Frames 385 Wire
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Structural Concrete Frames 387 Thru
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Structural Concrete Frames 389 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 391 Expo
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Structural Concrete Frames 393 Balc
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Structural Concrete Frames 395 In s
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Structural Concrete Frames 401 comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 403 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 405 The
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Structural Concrete Frames 407 Wrap
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Structural Concrete Frames 409 alte
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7 Cladding and Curtain Wall Constru
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Cladding and Curtain Wall Construct
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Stainless steel restraint cramps fi
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15 mm Cladding and Curtain Wall Con
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Roof support Roof or eaves level La
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Prefabrication and Off-Site Product
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The finished hospital looks no diff
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Lifts and Escalators 515 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 517 will be bu
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Lifts and Escalators 519 hydraulic
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Lifts and Escalators 521 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 523 FFL Lift c
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Lifts and Escalators 525 Climbing f
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Lifts and Escalators 527 Above 30 m
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Lifts and Escalators 529 Photograph
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Fit Out and Second Fix 531 cabinets
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Fit Out and Second Fix 533 ❏ ❏
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Fit Out and Second Fix 535 Four-way
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Fit Out and Second Fix 537 Services
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Fit Out and Second Fix 539 Wire han
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Fit Out and Second Fix 541 tiles ar
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Fit Out and Second Fix 543 Metal st
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Fit Out and Second Fix 545 Multiple
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11 Building Obsolescence and Revita
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Building Obsolescence and Revitalis
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Appendix B: Additional References C
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Index Access from heights, 42 Acces
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Index 567 Innovation, 505 Inspectio
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Index 569 Suspended frameless glazi
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