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292 Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings and the reduction of site labour. Some 10 years later, the Nottinghamshire County Council, faced with a similar problem and in addition the problem of designing a structure to accommodate subsidence due to mining operations, developed a system of building based on a pinjointed steel frame, with spring loaded diagonal braces, and prefabricated components. In order to gain the benefits of economy in mass production of component parts, the Nottinghamshire County Council joined with other local authorities to form CLASP, which was able to order, well in advance, considerable quantities of standard components at reasonable cost. The CLASP system of building has since been used for schools, offices, housing and industrial buildings of up to four storeys. The system retained the pin-jointed frame, originally designed for mining subsidence areas, as being the cheapest light structural steel frame. The CLASP system is remarkable in that it was designed by architects for architects and allows a degree of freedom of design, within standard modules and using a variety of standard components, that no other system of prefabrication has yet to achieve. The CLASP building system is illustrated in Figure 5.15. Wind bracing The connections of beams to columns in multi-storey skeleton steel frames do not generally provide a sufficiently rigid connection to resist the considerable lateral wind forces that tend to cause the frame to rack. The word ‘rack’ is used to describe the tendency of a frame to be distorted by lateral forces that cause right-angled connections to close up against the direction of the force (in the same way that books on a shelf will tend to fall over if not firmly packed in place). To resist racking caused by the wind forces acting on the faces of a multi-storey building, it is necessary to include some system of cross bracing between the members of the frame to maintain the right-angled connection of members (see Photograph 5.4). The system of bracing used will depend on the rigidity of the connections, the exposure, height, shape and construction of the building. The frame for a ‘point block’ building, where the access and service core is in the centre of the building and the plan is square or near square, is commonly braced against lateral forces by connecting cross braces in the two adjacent sides of the steel frame around the centre core which are not required for access, as illustrated in Figure 5.16. Wind loads are transferred to the braced centre core through solid concrete floors acting as plates or by bracing steel-framed floors. With the access and service core on one face of a structural frame, as illustrated in Figure 5.17, it may be convenient to provide cross bracing to the opposite sides of the service core, leaving the other two sides free for access and natural lighting for toilets, respectively. The bracing to the service core makes it a vertical cantilever anchored to the ground. To transfer wind forces acting on the four faces of the building, either one or more of the floors or roof are framed with horizontal cross bracing which is tied to the vertical bracing of the service core. The action of the vertical cross bracing to the service core and the connected horizontal floor cross bracing to a floor or floor and roof will generally provide adequate stiffness against wind forces. A slab block is a building that is rectangular on plan with two main wall faces much wider than the end walls, as illustrated in Figure 5.18 and Photograph 5.5 and Photograph 5.6. With this design, it may be reasonable to accept that the smaller wind forces acting on the end walls will be resisted by the many connections of the two main walls and the hori-
Structural Steel Frames 293 Timber stud framing fixed to column with steel cleat Insulation External boarding nailed to runners Runner fixed to stud Standard wood window Cold-rolled square column Column casing Channel Vertical module lines at 1.0 m centres Wind brace Main beam Steel angle Secondary beams Main beam Cold-rolled square column Wind braces Wind brace Figure 5.15 Pin-jointed steel frame. zontal solid plate floors. Here cross bracing to the end walls acting with the horizontal plates of the many solid floors may well provide adequate bracing against wind forces. To provide fire protection to means of escape, service and access cores to multi-storey buildings, it is common to construct a solid cast in situ reinforced concrete core to contain lifts and escape stairs. A reinforced concrete core by its construction and foundation will act as a very stiff vertical cantilever capable of taking wind forces. To provide wind bracing to a point block, multi-storey structural steel frame with a central reinforced concrete access
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BARRY’S ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION OF
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This edition first published 2014 T
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vi Contents 6 Structural Concrete F
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Acknowledgements Over the years our
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1 Introduction In Barry’s Introdu
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Introduction 3 Photograph 1.1 Frame
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Introduction 5 (2) Positional toler
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Introduction 7 some of the factors
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Introduction 9 Photograph 1.2 Artif
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Introduction 11 on legislation, oth
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Introduction 13 allow for innovatio
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2 Scaffolding, Façade Retention an
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Scaffolding, Façade Retention and
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3 Ground Stability, Foundations and
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Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Where the ground is susceptible to
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Heavy pad reinforcement Reinforceme
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Photograph 3.3 Driven precast concr
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(a) (b) Photograph 3.6 (a) A drop a
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Working direction Hopper and cellul
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Infill concrete packing applies pre
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Reinforced structural concrete base
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4 Single-Storey Frames, Shells and
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Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Portal rafter Plate welded to rafte
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Zed purlins Washer plate bolted to
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Sheeting rails for cladding Steel r
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Photograph 4.12 Lattice column to b
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Side lap of sheeting Sheeting screw
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Page 253 and 254: Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Page 285 and 286: 5 Structural Steel Frames Structura
Page 287 and 288: Structural Steel Frames 275 penetra
Page 289 and 290: Structural Steel Frames 277 calcula
Page 291 and 292: Structural Steel Frames 279 The lim
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Page 295 and 296: Structural Steel Frames 283 no stro
Page 297 and 298: Structural Steel Frames 285 Channel
Page 299 and 300: One-way span floor and roof slabs R
Page 301 and 302: Structural Steel Frames 289 A disad
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Page 307 and 308: Structural Steel Frames 295 Horizon
Page 309 and 310: Structural Steel Frames 297 Concret
Page 311 and 312: Beam End plate welded to beam Colum
Page 313 and 314: Structural Steel Frames 301 Cap pla
Page 315 and 316: Structural Steel Frames 303 Bearing
Page 317 and 318: Structural Steel Frames 305 Bolt fa
Page 319 and 320: Structural Steel Frames 307 Electro
Page 321 and 322: Structural Steel Frames 309 Types o
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Structural Steel Frames 343 Shear s
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Structural Concrete Frames 345 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 347 Work
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Structural Concrete Frames 349 6.2
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Structural Concrete Frames 351 is o
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Structural Concrete Frames 353 plac
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Structural Concrete Frames 355 Comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 357 Beam
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Structural Concrete Frames 359 cant
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Structural Concrete Frames 361 Clos
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Structural Concrete Frames 363 Rein
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Structural Concrete Frames 365 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 367 Sold
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Structural Concrete Frames 369 Hand
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Structural Concrete Frames 371 Conc
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Structural Concrete Frames 373 Edge
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Figure 6.23 Prop and deck floor pos
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Structural Concrete Frames 377 Main
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Structural Concrete Frames 379 Edge
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Handrail protects workers when pour
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Structural Concrete Frames 383 calc
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Structural Concrete Frames 385 Wire
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Structural Concrete Frames 387 Thru
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Structural Concrete Frames 389 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 391 Expo
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Structural Concrete Frames 393 Balc
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Structural Concrete Frames 395 In s
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Structural Concrete Frames 401 comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 403 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 405 The
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Structural Concrete Frames 407 Wrap
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Structural Concrete Frames 409 alte
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7 Cladding and Curtain Wall Constru
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Cladding and Curtain Wall Construct
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Stainless steel restraint cramps fi
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15 mm Cladding and Curtain Wall Con
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Roof support Roof or eaves level La
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Prefabrication and Off-Site Product
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The finished hospital looks no diff
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Lifts and Escalators 515 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 517 will be bu
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Lifts and Escalators 519 hydraulic
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Lifts and Escalators 521 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 523 FFL Lift c
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Lifts and Escalators 525 Climbing f
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Lifts and Escalators 527 Above 30 m
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Lifts and Escalators 529 Photograph
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Fit Out and Second Fix 531 cabinets
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Fit Out and Second Fix 533 ❏ ❏
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Fit Out and Second Fix 535 Four-way
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Fit Out and Second Fix 537 Services
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Fit Out and Second Fix 539 Wire han
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Fit Out and Second Fix 541 tiles ar
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Fit Out and Second Fix 543 Metal st
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Fit Out and Second Fix 545 Multiple
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11 Building Obsolescence and Revita
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Building Obsolescence and Revitalis
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Appendix B: Additional References C
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Index Access from heights, 42 Acces
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Index 567 Innovation, 505 Inspectio
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Index 569 Suspended frameless glazi
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