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318 Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings Mass concrete foundation to columns The base of columns carrying moderate loads of up to, say, 400 kN bearing on soils of good bearing capacity can be formed economically of mass concrete. The size of the base depends on the bearing capacity of the soil and load on the column base, and the depth of the concrete is equal to the projection of the concrete beyond the base plate, assuming an angle of dispersion of load in concrete of 45°. Reinforced concrete base The area of the base required to spread the load from heavily loaded columns on subsoils of poor to moderate bearing capacity is such that it is generally more economical to use a reinforced concrete base than a mass concrete one. The steel column base plate is fixed as it is to a mass concrete base. Where column bases are large and closely spaced, it is often economical to combine them in a continuous base or raft. When a heavily reinforced concrete base is used, it may be possible to tie and position the bolt boxes to the reinforcement cage prior to pouring the concrete, rather than erecting a temporary timber frame. Steel grillage foundation Steel grillage foundation is a base in which a grillage of steel beams transmits the column load to the subsoil. The base consists of two layers of steel beams, two or three in the top layer under the foot of the column and a lower cross layer of several beams so that the area covered by the lower layer is sufficient to spread column loads to the requisite area of subsoil. The whole of the steel beam grillage is encased in concrete. This type of base is rarely used today as a reinforced concrete base is much cheaper. Hollow rectangular sections Beam to column connections Bolted connections to closed box section columns may be made with long bolts passing through the section. Long bolts are expensive and difficult to use as they necessitate raising beams on opposite sides of the column at the same time in order to position the bolts. Beam connections to hollow rectangular and square section columns may be made through plates, angles or tees welded to the columns. Standard beam sections are bolted to T-section cleats welded to columns and lattice beams by bolting end plates welded to beams to plates welded to columns, as illustrated in Figure 5.44. Flowdrill jointing A recent innovation in making joints to hollow rectangular steel (HRS) sections is the use of the flowdrill technique as an alternative to the use of either long bolting through the hollow sections or welding and site bolting. The flowdrill technique depends on the use of a tungsten carbide bit (drill) which can be used in a conventional power operated drill. As the tungsten carbide bit rotates at high speed on the surface of the steel, friction generates sufficient heat to soften the steel. As the bit penetrates the now softened wall of the steel section, it redistributes the metal to form an internal bush, as illustrated in Figure 5.45. Once the metal has cooled, the formed internal bush is threaded with a coldform flowtap bit to make a threaded hole ready for a bolt. The beam connection to the hollow steel column is completed by bolting welded on end plates or bolting to web cleats welded to the column through the ready drilled holes. The execution of this form of connection requires a good deal of skill in setting out centre punched holes accurately in the face of
Structural Steel Frames 319 Square hollow section column T welded to column and bolted to beam Angle side cleat welded to column Beam bolted to side cleats Plate welded to square hollow section column Plate welded to end of girder T welded to column and bolted to beam Web of beam Beam bolted to T Angle seating cleat welded to column Angle cleat welded to column and bolted to beam Square hollow section column Open web lattice girder Beam bolted to angle seating cleat Figure 5.44 Connections to hollow section columns. Square hollow section column Base plate welded to foot of column Girder and plate bolted to column plate Hollow rectangular section column Coldform flowtap forms thread Rotation of tungsten carbide bit softens steel and penetrates to form an internal bush Bolted connection of web cleat of beam to HRS column section Figure 5.45 Flowdrill jointing.
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BARRY’S ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION OF
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This edition first published 2014 T
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vi Contents 6 Structural Concrete F
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Acknowledgements Over the years our
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1 Introduction In Barry’s Introdu
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Introduction 3 Photograph 1.1 Frame
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Introduction 5 (2) Positional toler
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Introduction 7 some of the factors
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Introduction 9 Photograph 1.2 Artif
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Introduction 11 on legislation, oth
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Introduction 13 allow for innovatio
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2 Scaffolding, Façade Retention an
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Scaffolding, Façade Retention and
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3 Ground Stability, Foundations and
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Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Where the ground is susceptible to
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Heavy pad reinforcement Reinforceme
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Photograph 3.3 Driven precast concr
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(a) (b) Photograph 3.6 (a) A drop a
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Working direction Hopper and cellul
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Infill concrete packing applies pre
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Reinforced structural concrete base
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4 Single-Storey Frames, Shells and
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Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Portal rafter Plate welded to rafte
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Zed purlins Washer plate bolted to
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Sheeting rails for cladding Steel r
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Photograph 4.12 Lattice column to b
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Side lap of sheeting Sheeting screw
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Page 279 and 280: Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
Page 281 and 282: Outline of straight line limited hy
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Page 285 and 286: 5 Structural Steel Frames Structura
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Page 289 and 290: Structural Steel Frames 277 calcula
Page 291 and 292: Structural Steel Frames 279 The lim
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Page 297 and 298: Structural Steel Frames 285 Channel
Page 299 and 300: One-way span floor and roof slabs R
Page 301 and 302: Structural Steel Frames 289 A disad
Page 303 and 304: Structural Steel Frames 291 Rib bea
Page 305 and 306: Structural Steel Frames 293 Timber
Page 307 and 308: Structural Steel Frames 295 Horizon
Page 309 and 310: Structural Steel Frames 297 Concret
Page 311 and 312: Beam End plate welded to beam Colum
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Page 315 and 316: Structural Steel Frames 303 Bearing
Page 317 and 318: Structural Steel Frames 305 Bolt fa
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Page 329: A timber profile is cut to the same
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Page 353 and 354: Structural Steel Frames 341 The adv
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Structural Concrete Frames 369 Hand
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Structural Concrete Frames 371 Conc
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Structural Concrete Frames 373 Edge
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Figure 6.23 Prop and deck floor pos
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Structural Concrete Frames 377 Main
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Structural Concrete Frames 379 Edge
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Handrail protects workers when pour
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Structural Concrete Frames 383 calc
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Structural Concrete Frames 385 Wire
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Structural Concrete Frames 387 Thru
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Structural Concrete Frames 391 Expo
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Structural Concrete Frames 393 Balc
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Structural Concrete Frames 395 In s
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Structural Concrete Frames 401 comp
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7 Cladding and Curtain Wall Constru
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Cladding and Curtain Wall Construct
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15 mm Cladding and Curtain Wall Con
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Roof support Roof or eaves level La
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Prefabrication and Off-Site Product
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Lifts and Escalators 515 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 517 will be bu
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Lifts and Escalators 519 hydraulic
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Lifts and Escalators 521 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 523 FFL Lift c
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Lifts and Escalators 525 Climbing f
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Lifts and Escalators 527 Above 30 m
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Lifts and Escalators 529 Photograph
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Fit Out and Second Fix 531 cabinets
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Fit Out and Second Fix 533 ❏ ❏
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Fit Out and Second Fix 535 Four-way
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Fit Out and Second Fix 537 Services
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Fit Out and Second Fix 539 Wire han
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Fit Out and Second Fix 541 tiles ar
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Fit Out and Second Fix 543 Metal st
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Fit Out and Second Fix 545 Multiple
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11 Building Obsolescence and Revita
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Building Obsolescence and Revitalis
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Appendix B: Additional References C
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Index Access from heights, 42 Acces
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Index 567 Innovation, 505 Inspectio
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Index 569 Suspended frameless glazi
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