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392 Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings The members of a reinforced concrete frame can be moulded to any required shape so that they can be designed to use concrete where compressive strength is required and steel reinforcement where tensile strength is required. The members do not need to be of uniform section along their length or height. The singular characteristics of concrete are that it is initially a wet plastic material that can be formed to any shape inside formwork, for economy in section as a structural material or for reasons of appearance, and when it is cast in situ, it will act monolithically as a rigid structure. A monolithically cast reinforced concrete frame has advantageous rigidity of connections in a frame and in a solid wall or shell structure, but this rigidity is a disadvantage in that it is less able to accommodate movements due to settlement, wind pressure, and temperature and moisture changes than is a more flexible structure. Unlimited choice of shape is an advantage structurally and aesthetically but may well be a disadvantage economically in the complication of formwork and falsework necessary to form irregular shapes. The cost of formwork for concrete can be considerably reduced by repetitive casting in the same mould in the production of precast concrete cladding and structural frames, and the rigidity of the concrete frame can be of advantage on subsoils of poor or irregular bearing capacity and where severe earth movements occur as in areas subject to earthquakes. In situ cast frames In situ cast reinforced concrete frame is extensively used for both single- and multi-storey buildings. Structural frame construction The principal use of reinforced in situ cast concrete as a structural material for building is as a skeleton frame of columns and beams with reinforced concrete floors and roof. In this use, reinforced concrete differs little from structural steel skeleton frames cased in concrete. In those countries where unit labour costs are low and structural steel is comparatively expensive, a reinforced concrete frame is widely used as a frame for both single- and multistorey buildings such as the small framed building, with solid end walls and projecting balconies with upstands, illustrated in Figure 6.36. The in situ cast, reinforced concrete structural frame is much used for multi-storey buildings such as flats and offices. Repetitive floor plans can be formed inside a skeleton frame of continuous columns and floors. To use the same formwork and falsework, floor by floor, variations in the reinforcement and/or mix of concrete in columns, to support variations in loads, can provide a uniform column section. The uniformity of column section and formwork makes for a speedily erected and economic structural frame. An advantage of the reinforced concrete structural frame is that the columns, beams and floor slabs provide a level, solid surface on which walls and partitions can be built and between which walls, partitions and framing may be built and secured by bolting directly to a solid concrete backing. A reinforced concrete structural frame with one-way spanning floors is generally designed on a rectangular grid for economy in the use of materials in the same way as a structural steel frame. Where floors are cast monolithically with a reinforced concrete frame, the tie beams that are a necessary part of a structural steel frame may be omitted as the monolithically cast floors will act as ties. The in situ reinforced concrete floors, illustrated in Figure 6.37, span one way between the upstand beams in external walls and
Structural Concrete Frames 393 Balconies cast monolithically with floors Figure 6.36 In situ cast concrete frames. Upstand beam as parapet Floor slab spans between main beams Upstand beams as window apron Figure 6.37 In situ cast frame.
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BARRY’S ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION OF
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This edition first published 2014 T
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vi Contents 6 Structural Concrete F
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Acknowledgements Over the years our
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1 Introduction In Barry’s Introdu
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Introduction 3 Photograph 1.1 Frame
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Introduction 5 (2) Positional toler
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Introduction 7 some of the factors
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Introduction 9 Photograph 1.2 Artif
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Introduction 11 on legislation, oth
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Introduction 13 allow for innovatio
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2 Scaffolding, Façade Retention an
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Scaffolding, Façade Retention and
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3 Ground Stability, Foundations and
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Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Where the ground is susceptible to
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Heavy pad reinforcement Reinforceme
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Photograph 3.3 Driven precast concr
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(a) (b) Photograph 3.6 (a) A drop a
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Working direction Hopper and cellul
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Infill concrete packing applies pre
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Reinforced structural concrete base
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4 Single-Storey Frames, Shells and
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Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Portal rafter Plate welded to rafte
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Zed purlins Washer plate bolted to
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Sheeting rails for cladding Steel r
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Photograph 4.12 Lattice column to b
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Side lap of sheeting Sheeting screw
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Outline of straight line limited hy
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5 Structural Steel Frames Structura
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Structural Steel Frames 275 penetra
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Structural Steel Frames 277 calcula
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Structural Steel Frames 279 The lim
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Structural Steel Frames 281 420.5-
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Structural Steel Frames 283 no stro
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Structural Steel Frames 285 Channel
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One-way span floor and roof slabs R
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Structural Steel Frames 289 A disad
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Structural Steel Frames 291 Rib bea
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Structural Steel Frames 293 Timber
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Structural Steel Frames 295 Horizon
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Structural Steel Frames 297 Concret
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Beam End plate welded to beam Colum
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Structural Steel Frames 301 Cap pla
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Structural Steel Frames 303 Bearing
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Structural Steel Frames 305 Bolt fa
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Structural Steel Frames 307 Electro
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Structural Steel Frames 309 Types o
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Structural Steel Frames 311 Weld fa
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Structural Steel Frames 313 beam en
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Structural Steel Frames 315 Column
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A timber profile is cut to the same
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Structural Steel Frames 319 Square
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Structural Steel Frames 321 for a s
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Structural Steel Frames 323 Photogr
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Structural Steel Frames 327 Column
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Structural Steel Frames 329 Strengt
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Structural Steel Frames 331 Figure
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Structural Steel Frames 333 Floor b
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Structural Steel Frames 335 50 or 7
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Structural Steel Frames 339 rating,
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Cladding and Curtain Wall Construct
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15 mm Cladding and Curtain Wall Con
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Roof support Roof or eaves level La
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Prefabrication and Off-Site Product
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Lifts and Escalators 515 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 517 will be bu
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Lifts and Escalators 519 hydraulic
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Lifts and Escalators 521 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 523 FFL Lift c
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Lifts and Escalators 525 Climbing f
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Lifts and Escalators 527 Above 30 m
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Lifts and Escalators 529 Photograph
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Fit Out and Second Fix 531 cabinets
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Fit Out and Second Fix 533 ❏ ❏
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Fit Out and Second Fix 535 Four-way
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Fit Out and Second Fix 537 Services
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Fit Out and Second Fix 539 Wire han
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Fit Out and Second Fix 541 tiles ar
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Fit Out and Second Fix 543 Metal st
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Fit Out and Second Fix 545 Multiple
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11 Building Obsolescence and Revita
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Building Obsolescence and Revitalis
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Appendix B: Additional References C
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Index Access from heights, 42 Acces
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Index 567 Innovation, 505 Inspectio
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Index 569 Suspended frameless glazi
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