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428 Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings of steel alloys containing chromium and other elements. The type of stainless steel commonly used for structural fixings is austenitic stainless steel. Loadbearing fixings Corrosion-resistant metal angles or corbel plates are used to carry the weight of the stone facing. These fixings are bolted to, built into or cramped to slots in the background wall or structure. The loadbearing fixings provide support at each floor level at not more than 3 m. The fixings bridge the cavity to provide support at the bottom or close to the bottom of slabs, with two fixings being used to each slab. Loadbearing fixings take the form of stainless steel angles or corbel plates that fit into slots cut in the bottom edge or into slots cut in the lower part of the back of slabs at each floor level or at vertical intervals of about 3 m. Common practice is to support each facing slab on two supports, with the angle or corbel supports fixed centrally on vertical joints between slabs so that each supports two slabs. Angle and corbel plates should be at least 75 mm wide. At vertical movement joints two supports are used, one on each side of the joint, to the lower edge or lower part of the two stone slabs on each side of the joint. These separate supports should be at least 50 mm wide. Angle loadbearing fixings are bolted to the in situ concrete or brick background, with expanding bolts. Holes are drilled in the background into which the bolts make a tight fit so that, as the bolt is tightened, its end expands to make a secure fixing. Angles may be fixed to provide support to the bottom edge of slabs, with the supporting flange of the angle fitting into slots in the bottom edge of adjacent slabs so that a narrow horizontal joint between slabs may be maintained. Angle support to the thicker sedimentary stones is often made to grooves cut in the backs of adjacent stones, some little distance above the lower edge, into which the flange of the angle fits. This fixing is chosen where the edges of these laminated stones might spall where the lower edges were cut. Figure 7.9 is an illustration of loadbearing angle support fixings. Corbel plate loadbearing fixings may be used as an alternative to angle supports, particularly for the thinner stones such as granite. Flat or fishtail corbel plates are from 6 to 16 mm thick, depending on the size of slab to be supported, 75 or 50 mm wide and from 125 mm long. The purpose of the fishtail end is to provide a more secure bond to the cement grout in which the corbel plate is set. A pocket is made in the concrete or brick background by drilling holes and chiselling to form a neat pocket into which the corbel plate is set in dry, rapid-hardening cement and sand, which is hammered in around the corbel. The one part cement to one part sand grout is left for at least 48 hours to harden. Corbel plate supports are usually fixed to provide support by fitting into slots cut in the back of adjacent stones some little distance above the lower edge of slabs, as illustrated in Figure 7.10. Two corbel plates are used to give support to the stone facing at each floor level or not more than 3 m. The thickness of the plates and the depth of their bed into the background have to be sufficient to give support for all the stone slabs between floors. A common alternative to flat corbel plates is to form the protruding ends of corbels, which fit into slots in the back of stones, to slope up at an angle of 158° to the horizontal. The upward slope provides a more positive seating for stones and to an extent serves to restrain and align the stones. The setting into the background of the corbel plates and the cutting of the slots in the back of the stones require a degree of skill to achieve both an intimate fit of stones to
Stainless steel restraint cramps fixed to holes in background and lipped into grooves in facing Reinforced concrete wall Steel support angle fixed to wall with expanding bolts Floor Compression joint min. 15 mm wide Sedimentary stone facing fixed to concrete wall Open cavity behind stone facing Figure 7.9 Stone facing to solid background. Cramps bolted to concrete backing Wall Restraint cramp Figure 7.10 Corbel plate supports.
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BARRY’S ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION OF
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This edition first published 2014 T
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vi Contents 6 Structural Concrete F
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Acknowledgements Over the years our
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1 Introduction In Barry’s Introdu
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Introduction 3 Photograph 1.1 Frame
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Introduction 5 (2) Positional toler
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Introduction 7 some of the factors
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Introduction 9 Photograph 1.2 Artif
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Introduction 11 on legislation, oth
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Introduction 13 allow for innovatio
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2 Scaffolding, Façade Retention an
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Scaffolding, Façade Retention and
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3 Ground Stability, Foundations and
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Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Where the ground is susceptible to
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Heavy pad reinforcement Reinforceme
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Photograph 3.3 Driven precast concr
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(a) (b) Photograph 3.6 (a) A drop a
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Working direction Hopper and cellul
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Infill concrete packing applies pre
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Reinforced structural concrete base
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4 Single-Storey Frames, Shells and
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Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Portal rafter Plate welded to rafte
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Zed purlins Washer plate bolted to
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Sheeting rails for cladding Steel r
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Photograph 4.12 Lattice column to b
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Side lap of sheeting Sheeting screw
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Outline of straight line limited hy
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5 Structural Steel Frames Structura
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Structural Steel Frames 275 penetra
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Structural Steel Frames 277 calcula
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Structural Steel Frames 279 The lim
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Structural Steel Frames 281 420.5-
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Structural Steel Frames 283 no stro
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Structural Steel Frames 285 Channel
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One-way span floor and roof slabs R
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Structural Steel Frames 289 A disad
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Structural Steel Frames 291 Rib bea
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Structural Steel Frames 293 Timber
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Structural Steel Frames 295 Horizon
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Structural Steel Frames 297 Concret
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Beam End plate welded to beam Colum
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Structural Steel Frames 301 Cap pla
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Structural Steel Frames 303 Bearing
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Structural Steel Frames 305 Bolt fa
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Structural Steel Frames 307 Electro
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Structural Steel Frames 309 Types o
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Structural Steel Frames 311 Weld fa
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Structural Steel Frames 313 beam en
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Structural Steel Frames 315 Column
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A timber profile is cut to the same
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Structural Steel Frames 319 Square
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Structural Steel Frames 321 for a s
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Structural Steel Frames 323 Photogr
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Structural Steel Frames 327 Column
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Structural Steel Frames 329 Strengt
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Structural Steel Frames 331 Figure
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Structural Steel Frames 333 Floor b
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Structural Steel Frames 335 50 or 7
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Structural Steel Frames 339 rating,
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Structural Steel Frames 341 The adv
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Structural Steel Frames 343 Shear s
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Structural Concrete Frames 345 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 347 Work
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Structural Concrete Frames 349 6.2
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Structural Concrete Frames 351 is o
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Structural Concrete Frames 353 plac
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Structural Concrete Frames 355 Comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 357 Beam
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Structural Concrete Frames 359 cant
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Structural Concrete Frames 361 Clos
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Structural Concrete Frames 363 Rein
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Structural Concrete Frames 365 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 367 Sold
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Structural Concrete Frames 369 Hand
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Structural Concrete Frames 371 Conc
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Structural Concrete Frames 373 Edge
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Figure 6.23 Prop and deck floor pos
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Cladding and Curtain Wall Construct
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Roof support Roof or eaves level La
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Prefabrication and Off-Site Product
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The finished hospital looks no diff
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Lifts and Escalators 515 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 517 will be bu
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Lifts and Escalators 519 hydraulic
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Lifts and Escalators 521 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 523 FFL Lift c
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Lifts and Escalators 525 Climbing f
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Lifts and Escalators 527 Above 30 m
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Lifts and Escalators 529 Photograph
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Fit Out and Second Fix 531 cabinets
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Fit Out and Second Fix 533 ❏ ❏
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Fit Out and Second Fix 535 Four-way
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Fit Out and Second Fix 537 Services
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Fit Out and Second Fix 539 Wire han
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Fit Out and Second Fix 541 tiles ar
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Fit Out and Second Fix 543 Metal st
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Fit Out and Second Fix 545 Multiple
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11 Building Obsolescence and Revita
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Building Obsolescence and Revitalis
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Appendix B: Additional References C
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Index Access from heights, 42 Acces
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Index 567 Innovation, 505 Inspectio
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Index 569 Suspended frameless glazi
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