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76 Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings Photograph 3.1 Coastal erosion and sea defences. waterproof barrier that is temporarily put around the building perimeter), although these may have limited effect. Further information on SUDS can be found on the Environment Agency web site at http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business. Natural caves and fissures Natural caves and fissures occur generally in areas in the UK where soluble rock strata, such as limestone and chalk, have been eroded over time by the natural movement of
Ground Stability, Foundations and Substructures 77 subterranean water. Where there are caves or small cavities in these areas near the surface, land instability and subsidence may occur. Mining and quarrying Mining and quarrying of mineral resources has been carried out for centuries over much of England and parts of Wales and Scotland. The majority of the mines and quarries have by now been abandoned and covered over. From time to time, mining shafts collapse and the ground above may subside. Similarly, ground that has been filled over redundant quarries may also subside. There is potential for land instability and subsidence over those areas of the UK where mineral extraction has taken place. The Environment Agency has commissioned surveys and produced reports of those areas known or likely to be subject to land instability due to mining and quarrying activities. There are regional reports and atlases indicating the location of areas that may be subject to land instability subsidence. Coal mining areas have been comprehensively surveyed, mapped and reported. Other areas where comparatively extensive quarrying for stone, limestone, chalk and flint has taken place have been surveyed and mapped and reported. Less extensive quarrying, for chalk for example in Norwich, has been included. The reports indicate those areas where subsidence is most likely to occur and the necessary action that should be taken preparatory to building works (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk). Landfill Landfill is a general term to include the ground surface which has been raised artificially by the deposit of soil from excavations, backfilling, tipping, refuse disposal and any form of fill which may be poorly compacted, of uncertain composition and density and thus have indeterminate bearing capacity, and may be classified as unstable land. In recent years, regional and local authorities have had some control and reasonably comprehensive details of landfill, which may give indication of the age, nature and depth of recent fill. The land over much of the area of the older cities and towns in the UK, particularly on low-lying land, has been raised by excavation, demolition and fill. This overfill may extend some metres below the surface in and around older settlements and where soil excavated to form docks has been tipped to raise ground levels above flood water levels. Because of the variable and largely unknown nature of this fill, the surface is in effect unstable land and should be considered as such for foundations. There are no records of the extent and nature of this type of fill that has taken place over some considerable time. The only satisfactory method of assessing the suitability of such ground for foundations is by means of trial pits or boreholes to explore and identify the nature and depth of the fill. 3.2 Functional requirements The primary functional requirements of foundations are strength and stability. To comply with Building Regulations, the combined dead, imposed and wind loads of the building should be safely transmitted to the ground without causing movement of the ground that may impair the stability of any part of another building. Loading is concerned with the bearing strength of the ground relative to the loads imposed on it by the building. The
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BARRY’S ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION OF
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This edition first published 2014 T
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vi Contents 6 Structural Concrete F
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Acknowledgements Over the years our
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1 Introduction In Barry’s Introdu
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Introduction 3 Photograph 1.1 Frame
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Introduction 5 (2) Positional toler
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Introduction 7 some of the factors
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Introduction 9 Photograph 1.2 Artif
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Introduction 11 on legislation, oth
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Introduction 13 allow for innovatio
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2 Scaffolding, Façade Retention an
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Scaffolding, Façade Retention and
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Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Working direction Hopper and cellul
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Infill concrete packing applies pre
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Reinforced structural concrete base
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4 Single-Storey Frames, Shells and
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Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Portal rafter Plate welded to rafte
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Zed purlins Washer plate bolted to
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Sheeting rails for cladding Steel r
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Photograph 4.12 Lattice column to b
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Side lap of sheeting Sheeting screw
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Outline of straight line limited hy
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5 Structural Steel Frames Structura
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Structural Steel Frames 275 penetra
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Structural Steel Frames 277 calcula
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Structural Steel Frames 279 The lim
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Structural Steel Frames 281 420.5-
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Structural Steel Frames 283 no stro
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Structural Steel Frames 285 Channel
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One-way span floor and roof slabs R
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Structural Steel Frames 289 A disad
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Structural Steel Frames 291 Rib bea
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Structural Steel Frames 293 Timber
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Structural Steel Frames 295 Horizon
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Structural Steel Frames 297 Concret
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Beam End plate welded to beam Colum
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Structural Steel Frames 301 Cap pla
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Structural Steel Frames 303 Bearing
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Structural Steel Frames 305 Bolt fa
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Structural Steel Frames 307 Electro
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Structural Steel Frames 309 Types o
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Structural Steel Frames 311 Weld fa
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Structural Steel Frames 313 beam en
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Structural Steel Frames 315 Column
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A timber profile is cut to the same
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Structural Steel Frames 319 Square
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Structural Steel Frames 321 for a s
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Structural Steel Frames 323 Photogr
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Structural Steel Frames 327 Column
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Structural Steel Frames 329 Strengt
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Structural Steel Frames 331 Figure
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Structural Steel Frames 333 Floor b
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Structural Steel Frames 335 50 or 7
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Structural Steel Frames 339 rating,
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Structural Steel Frames 341 The adv
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Structural Steel Frames 343 Shear s
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Structural Concrete Frames 345 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 347 Work
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Structural Concrete Frames 349 6.2
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Structural Concrete Frames 351 is o
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Structural Concrete Frames 353 plac
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Structural Concrete Frames 355 Comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 357 Beam
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Structural Concrete Frames 359 cant
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Structural Concrete Frames 361 Clos
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Structural Concrete Frames 363 Rein
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Structural Concrete Frames 365 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 367 Sold
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Structural Concrete Frames 369 Hand
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Structural Concrete Frames 371 Conc
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Structural Concrete Frames 373 Edge
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Figure 6.23 Prop and deck floor pos
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Structural Concrete Frames 377 Main
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Structural Concrete Frames 379 Edge
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Handrail protects workers when pour
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Structural Concrete Frames 383 calc
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Structural Concrete Frames 385 Wire
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Structural Concrete Frames 387 Thru
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Structural Concrete Frames 389 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 391 Expo
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Structural Concrete Frames 393 Balc
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Structural Concrete Frames 395 In s
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Structural Concrete Frames 401 comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 403 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 405 The
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Structural Concrete Frames 407 Wrap
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Structural Concrete Frames 409 alte
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7 Cladding and Curtain Wall Constru
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Cladding and Curtain Wall Construct
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Stainless steel restraint cramps fi
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15 mm Cladding and Curtain Wall Con
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Roof support Roof or eaves level La
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Prefabrication and Off-Site Product
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The finished hospital looks no diff
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Lifts and Escalators 515 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 517 will be bu
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Lifts and Escalators 519 hydraulic
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Lifts and Escalators 521 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 523 FFL Lift c
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Lifts and Escalators 525 Climbing f
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Lifts and Escalators 527 Above 30 m
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Lifts and Escalators 529 Photograph
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Fit Out and Second Fix 531 cabinets
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Fit Out and Second Fix 533 ❏ ❏
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Fit Out and Second Fix 535 Four-way
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Fit Out and Second Fix 537 Services
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Fit Out and Second Fix 539 Wire han
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Fit Out and Second Fix 541 tiles ar
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Fit Out and Second Fix 543 Metal st
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Fit Out and Second Fix 545 Multiple
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11 Building Obsolescence and Revita
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Building Obsolescence and Revitalis
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Appendix B: Additional References C
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Index Access from heights, 42 Acces
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Index 567 Innovation, 505 Inspectio
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Index 569 Suspended frameless glazi
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