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184 Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings Eaves bracing at tie level Rafter bracing Gable wind girder between ties of roof trusses Valley beam Longitudinal ties at tie level Eaves bracing at tie level Rafter bracing Figure 4.28 Wind bracing to steel truss roof on steel columns. necessary to use a system of eaves bracing to assist in the distribution of horizontal loads. The system of eaves bracing shown in Figure 4.28 consists of steel sections fixed between the tie or bottom chord of roof frames and columns. To transfer the loads from wind pressure on the gable ends, a system of horizontal gable girders is formed at tie or bottom chord level. Structural bracing and wind bracing Additional bracing is used to assist in setting out the building, to stabilise the roof frames, square up the ends of the building and offer additional resistance to the wind. The rafter bracing between the end frames, illustrated in Figure 4.28, serves to stabilise the rafters of the roof frames. Longitudinal ties between roof frames stabilise the frames against probable uplift due to wind pressure. The vertical bracing in adjacent wall frames at gable end corners hold the building square and serve as bracing against wind pressure on the gable ends of the building (Photograph 4.5). Purlins and sheeting rails Purlins are fixed across rafters and sheeting rails across the columns to provide support and fixing for roof and wall cladding and insulation (Figure 4.29 and Figure 4.30). The spacing and size of the purlins and the sheeting rails are determined by the type of roof and wall cladding used. As a general rule, the deeper the profile of the sheeting, the greater its safe span and the further apart the purlins and sheeting rails may be fixed. Mild steel angles and purlin rails are sometimes used, but these tend to have been replaced by a range of standard sections, purlins and rails in galvanised, cold-formed steel strip. The sections most used are Zed and Sigma (Figure 4.31), with more complex sections with stiffening ribs also produced. These thin section purlins and rails help to facilitate direct fixing of the sheeting by self-tapping screws. Purlins and sheeting rails are fixed to structural supports with cleats, washer plates and sleeves as illustrated in Figure 4.32. Anti-sag bars are fixed between cold-formed purlins to stop them twisting during the fixing of roof sheeting and to provide lateral restraint to
Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Lightweight Coverings 185 Cladding rails (sheeting rails) fixed to portal frame Wind bracing Photograph 4.5 Wind bracing fixed to portal frame (courtesy of G. Throup). Portal frame Purlins Portal frame base Figure 4.29 Gable end framing. Sheeting rails Gable posts fixed to pad foundation and underside of portal frame the bottom flange against uplift due to wind pressure. The purlins also derive a large degree of stiffness from the sheeting. Anti-sag bars and apex ties are made from galvanised steel rod that is either hooked or bolted between purlins, as illustrated in Figure 4.33. The apex ties provide continuity over the ridge. For the system to be effective, there must also be some form of stiffening brace or strut at the eaves.
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BARRY’S ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION OF
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This edition first published 2014 T
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vi Contents 6 Structural Concrete F
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Acknowledgements Over the years our
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1 Introduction In Barry’s Introdu
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Introduction 3 Photograph 1.1 Frame
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Introduction 5 (2) Positional toler
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Introduction 7 some of the factors
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Introduction 9 Photograph 1.2 Artif
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Introduction 11 on legislation, oth
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Introduction 13 allow for innovatio
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2 Scaffolding, Façade Retention an
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Scaffolding, Façade Retention and
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3 Ground Stability, Foundations and
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Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Where the ground is susceptible to
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Heavy pad reinforcement Reinforceme
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Photograph 3.3 Driven precast concr
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(a) (b) Photograph 3.6 (a) A drop a
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Page 145 and 146: Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Outline of straight line limited hy
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5 Structural Steel Frames Structura
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Structural Steel Frames 275 penetra
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Structural Steel Frames 277 calcula
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Structural Steel Frames 279 The lim
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Structural Steel Frames 281 420.5-
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Structural Steel Frames 283 no stro
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Structural Steel Frames 285 Channel
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One-way span floor and roof slabs R
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Structural Steel Frames 289 A disad
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Structural Steel Frames 291 Rib bea
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Structural Steel Frames 293 Timber
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Structural Steel Frames 295 Horizon
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Structural Steel Frames 297 Concret
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Beam End plate welded to beam Colum
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Structural Steel Frames 301 Cap pla
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Structural Steel Frames 303 Bearing
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Structural Steel Frames 305 Bolt fa
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Structural Steel Frames 307 Electro
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Structural Steel Frames 309 Types o
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Structural Steel Frames 311 Weld fa
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Structural Steel Frames 313 beam en
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Structural Steel Frames 315 Column
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A timber profile is cut to the same
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Structural Steel Frames 319 Square
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Structural Steel Frames 321 for a s
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Structural Steel Frames 323 Photogr
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Structural Steel Frames 327 Column
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Structural Steel Frames 329 Strengt
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Structural Steel Frames 331 Figure
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Structural Steel Frames 333 Floor b
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Structural Steel Frames 335 50 or 7
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Structural Steel Frames 339 rating,
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Structural Steel Frames 341 The adv
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Structural Steel Frames 343 Shear s
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Structural Concrete Frames 345 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 347 Work
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Structural Concrete Frames 349 6.2
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Structural Concrete Frames 351 is o
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Structural Concrete Frames 353 plac
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Structural Concrete Frames 355 Comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 357 Beam
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Structural Concrete Frames 359 cant
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Structural Concrete Frames 361 Clos
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Structural Concrete Frames 363 Rein
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Structural Concrete Frames 365 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 367 Sold
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Structural Concrete Frames 369 Hand
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Structural Concrete Frames 371 Conc
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Structural Concrete Frames 373 Edge
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Figure 6.23 Prop and deck floor pos
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Structural Concrete Frames 377 Main
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Structural Concrete Frames 379 Edge
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Handrail protects workers when pour
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Structural Concrete Frames 383 calc
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Structural Concrete Frames 385 Wire
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Structural Concrete Frames 387 Thru
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Structural Concrete Frames 389 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 391 Expo
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Structural Concrete Frames 393 Balc
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Structural Concrete Frames 395 In s
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Structural Concrete Frames 401 comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 403 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 405 The
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Structural Concrete Frames 407 Wrap
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Structural Concrete Frames 409 alte
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7 Cladding and Curtain Wall Constru
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Cladding and Curtain Wall Construct
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Stainless steel restraint cramps fi
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15 mm Cladding and Curtain Wall Con
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Roof support Roof or eaves level La
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Prefabrication and Off-Site Product
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The finished hospital looks no diff
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Lifts and Escalators 515 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 517 will be bu
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Lifts and Escalators 519 hydraulic
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Lifts and Escalators 521 ❏ ❏
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Lifts and Escalators 523 FFL Lift c
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Lifts and Escalators 525 Climbing f
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Lifts and Escalators 527 Above 30 m
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Lifts and Escalators 529 Photograph
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Fit Out and Second Fix 531 cabinets
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Fit Out and Second Fix 533 ❏ ❏
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Fit Out and Second Fix 535 Four-way
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Fit Out and Second Fix 537 Services
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Fit Out and Second Fix 539 Wire han
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Fit Out and Second Fix 541 tiles ar
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Fit Out and Second Fix 543 Metal st
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Fit Out and Second Fix 545 Multiple
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11 Building Obsolescence and Revita
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Building Obsolescence and Revitalis
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Appendix B: Additional References C
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Index Access from heights, 42 Acces
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Index 567 Innovation, 505 Inspectio
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Index 569 Suspended frameless glazi
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