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490 Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings the new-build market, although the techniques and methods are equally suited to refurbishment and upgrading projects. Volumetric construction and modular construction are terms that tend to be used quite interchangeably to describe the process of making large parts of buildings, or entire buildings, in a factory before transporting them to the site, where they are then placed in position. Fully complete modules, including wiring and plumbing, fixtures and fittings, and decoration are built in factories under controlled conditions, then transported to site and positioned by crane on a pre-prepared foundation. Rarely is there any need for scaffolding or on-site storage facilities. When using modular construction, consideration must be given to the sequence of lifting the prefabricated units into the building, and also to safely manoeuvring them into their final position. Clear access must be maintained; thus in situations where scaffolding is required, care should be taken to ensure that the scaffold does not block access. Supermarkets, hospitals, schools, airports, hotel chains and volume house builders have successfully used modular construction techniques. Volumetric house construction is popular in North America, Scandinavia and Japan, although it has had a rather chequered history in the UK. Following the housing shortage after the Second World War, prefabricated housing was seen as a quick and effective solution to the UK’s housing needs, although with the passage of time a whole raft of problems, both technical and social, led to a move away from volumetric modular construction. The Government’s report Rethinking Construction (1998), led by Sir John Egan, identified five drivers for change: a customer focus, a quality-driven agenda, committed leadership, integration of processes and teams around the product, and commitment to people. Off-site production, especially volumetric modular building, has been promoted heavily following the publication of the Egan report as it is seen to be ‘compliant’ with the aims and objectives in the report. Modular building is one means of helping to achieve efficiency, reduce wastage of materials and deliver improved quality of the finished product. Some specialist commercial applications, such as chains of hotels, supermarkets and fast food outlets, have exploited factors such as time and repetition of a particular style (associated with brand image) particularly well to make prefabrication and modularisation work for their business needs. For commercial applications, the slight increase in initial build cost can be offset against savings in time and longer-term savings in the repetition of units. With a large housing need in the UK, combined with a skills shortage in the building trades, attention has once again turned to prefabricated modular volume houses. Murray Grove in Hackney, developed by the Peabody Trust and designed by Cartwright Pickard as a prototype, represents an innovative example of prefabricated housing (Photograph 8.2). The project made use of Yorkon’s standard modules, similar to those used for hotel bedrooms. Each module has a lightweight steel framing structure. Single bedroom flats comprised two 8 × 3.2 m modules, and two bedroom flats were made from three modules. The bedrooms and living rooms have the same internal dimensions (5.15 × 3 m), thus enabling living rooms to be used as an extra bedroom if required. The build cost of this modular development was more expensive than traditional methods; however, the cost benefits will increase when a similar approach is taken on other housing projects. The Peabody Trust has continued its commitment to volumetric construction with an affordable housing scheme at Raines Court. Major economical advantages are achieved with projects that have long runs of identical modules. For smaller developers, the speed of construction may
Prefabrication and Off-Site Production 491 Murray Grove modular housing – Peabody Trust Foundations laid, first module ready to be craned into position Modules lifted from the lorries and craned into position All modules are fully furnished and serviced Finished building Photograph 8.2 Modular housing (courtesy of Yorkon, http://www.yorkon.info, and Cartwright Pickard Architects). not be their primary concern; however, other factors such as more consistent quality and improved working conditions may be determining factors. For some architects and builders, off-site production provides an alternative approach to more traditional construction methods, especially given the increased choice and degree of customisation brought about by advances in IT and greater manufacturing flexibility.
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BARRY’S ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION OF
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This edition first published 2014 T
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vi Contents 6 Structural Concrete F
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Acknowledgements Over the years our
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1 Introduction In Barry’s Introdu
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Introduction 3 Photograph 1.1 Frame
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Introduction 5 (2) Positional toler
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Introduction 7 some of the factors
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Introduction 9 Photograph 1.2 Artif
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Introduction 11 on legislation, oth
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Introduction 13 allow for innovatio
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2 Scaffolding, Façade Retention an
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Scaffolding, Façade Retention and
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3 Ground Stability, Foundations and
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Ground Stability, Foundations and S
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Where the ground is susceptible to
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Heavy pad reinforcement Reinforceme
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Photograph 3.3 Driven precast concr
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(a) (b) Photograph 3.6 (a) A drop a
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Working direction Hopper and cellul
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Infill concrete packing applies pre
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Reinforced structural concrete base
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4 Single-Storey Frames, Shells and
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Single-Storey Frames, Shells and Li
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Portal rafter Plate welded to rafte
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Zed purlins Washer plate bolted to
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Sheeting rails for cladding Steel r
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Photograph 4.12 Lattice column to b
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Side lap of sheeting Sheeting screw
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Outline of straight line limited hy
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5 Structural Steel Frames Structura
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Structural Steel Frames 275 penetra
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Structural Steel Frames 277 calcula
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Structural Steel Frames 279 The lim
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Structural Steel Frames 281 420.5-
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Structural Steel Frames 283 no stro
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Structural Steel Frames 285 Channel
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One-way span floor and roof slabs R
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Structural Steel Frames 289 A disad
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Structural Steel Frames 291 Rib bea
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Structural Steel Frames 293 Timber
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Structural Steel Frames 295 Horizon
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Structural Steel Frames 297 Concret
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Beam End plate welded to beam Colum
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Structural Steel Frames 301 Cap pla
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Structural Steel Frames 303 Bearing
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Structural Steel Frames 305 Bolt fa
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Structural Steel Frames 307 Electro
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Structural Steel Frames 309 Types o
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Structural Steel Frames 311 Weld fa
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Structural Steel Frames 313 beam en
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Structural Steel Frames 315 Column
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A timber profile is cut to the same
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Structural Steel Frames 319 Square
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Structural Steel Frames 321 for a s
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Structural Steel Frames 323 Photogr
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Structural Steel Frames 327 Column
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Structural Steel Frames 329 Strengt
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Structural Steel Frames 331 Figure
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Structural Steel Frames 333 Floor b
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Structural Steel Frames 335 50 or 7
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Structural Steel Frames 339 rating,
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Structural Steel Frames 341 The adv
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Structural Steel Frames 343 Shear s
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Structural Concrete Frames 345 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 347 Work
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Structural Concrete Frames 349 6.2
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Structural Concrete Frames 351 is o
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Structural Concrete Frames 353 plac
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Structural Concrete Frames 355 Comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 357 Beam
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Structural Concrete Frames 359 cant
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Structural Concrete Frames 361 Clos
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Structural Concrete Frames 363 Rein
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Structural Concrete Frames 365 Stee
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Structural Concrete Frames 367 Sold
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Structural Concrete Frames 369 Hand
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Structural Concrete Frames 371 Conc
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Structural Concrete Frames 373 Edge
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Figure 6.23 Prop and deck floor pos
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Structural Concrete Frames 377 Main
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Structural Concrete Frames 379 Edge
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Handrail protects workers when pour
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Structural Concrete Frames 383 calc
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Structural Concrete Frames 385 Wire
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Structural Concrete Frames 387 Thru
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Structural Concrete Frames 389 ❏
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Structural Concrete Frames 391 Expo
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Structural Concrete Frames 393 Balc
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Structural Concrete Frames 395 In s
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Structural Concrete Frames 401 comp
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Structural Concrete Frames 405 The
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Structural Concrete Frames 407 Wrap
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Structural Concrete Frames 409 alte
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7 Cladding and Curtain Wall Constru
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Cladding and Curtain Wall Construct
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Stainless steel restraint cramps fi
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Fit Out and Second Fix 541 tiles ar
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Fit Out and Second Fix 543 Metal st
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Fit Out and Second Fix 545 Multiple
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11 Building Obsolescence and Revita
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Building Obsolescence and Revitalis
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Appendix B: Additional References C
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Index Access from heights, 42 Acces
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Index 567 Innovation, 505 Inspectio
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Index 569 Suspended frameless glazi
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