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involved in its production: my agent, Gillon Aitken, who provided the original inspiration, and Sally Riley of Gillon Aitken Associates Limited; my editors, Helen Fraser and Roger Cazalet, at Heinemann, and Jonathan Galassi at Farrar Straus & Giroux, Inc. Linda Osband has provided invaluable support and expertise in editing yet another of my books. Douglas Matthews kindly agreed to do the index and David Williamson produced not only the family trees but also the right answers to many complex questions. The archival expertise of my researcher, Dr Saul Kelly, has been a mainstay of this biography as it was for my previous book on George VI. I am grateful to my picture researcher, Lynda Marshall, for her skill in hunting out the right pictures to accompany the text, and to Bernadette Dunning for her patience in transcribing interviews and dealing with correspondence. But most of all I owe a debt to my husband, William Bangor, who not only bore with me over the long months of working on the book, but provided essential help and support in transcribing difficult interviews and reading proofs. For this updated edition, I would like to thank all those responsible at Viking Penguin: Juliet Annan, Kate Barker, Antonia Till, Sara Marafini, Grainne Kelly, Jillian Boothroyd, Keith Taylor and Elisabeth Merriman. PERMISSIONS Her Majesty The Queen for gracious permission to quote from the Royal Archives; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother for gracious permission to quote from her correspondence; and HRH the Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, for gracious permission to quote from her correspondence. The late Princess George of Hanover, for permission to quote from my interview with her. HarperCollins Publishers for the Nicolson Papers; Lambeth Palace Library for the Fisher Papers; the Clerk of the Records on behalf of the Beaverbrook Foundation for the Beaverbrook Papers in the House of Lords Record Office; extract from Julian Barnes, Letters from London, reprinted by permission of the Peters Fraser & Dunlop Group Ltd.
Sources All royal letters and diaries cited in the text are located in the Royal Archives at Windsor unless otherwise noted. Many are quoted in the authorized biographies, notably Sir John W. Wheeler–Bennett, King George VI, James Pope–Hennessy, Queen Mary, and Philip Ziegler, King Edward VIII and Mountbatten. Michael Bloch has had access to the Duke of Windsor’s private papers and his Wallis & Edward, Letters 1931–1937, and The Secret File of the Duke of Windsor, contain original material not printed elsewhere. Jonathan Dimbleby’s authorized biography, The Prince of Wales, is the source for the Prince’s correspondence and diaries. By gracious permission of Her Majesty The Queen I have consulted the Royal Archives concerning the period up to her accession in February 1952. Subsequent papers are reserved for the eventual authorized biography. Apart from private sources, I have researched the following archives: House of Lords Library, Beaverbrook Papers; Columbia University Libraries, Bakhmeteff Archive; Archives du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Quai d’Orsay, Paris; Bodleian Library, Monckton Papers (Dep. Monckton Trustees); Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI), Londonderry Papers; University of Birmingham, Chamberlain Papers; Public Record Office (PRO) is the official source for state papers cited in this book: CAB, PREM, WORK and DO being the sections consulted; Royal Army Museum, Diary of Eileen Heron; Lambeth Palace Library, Don Papers, Fisher Papers; Balliol College, Oxford, Nicolson Papers; University of Reading, Astor Papers; Churchill College, Cambridge, Cadogan Papers, Swinton Papers. Much of the book where sources are not quoted is based on oral testimony. 1: Destiny 1. cited in Noble Frankland, Witness of a Century: The Life and Times of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught1850–1942 (1993), p. 24 2. cited in Sarah Bradford, King George VI (1989), p. 19 3. Ibid., p. 4 4 A King’s Story: The Memoirs of HRH the Duke of Windsor, KG (1951), pp. 187–8 5. Mabell, Countess of Airlie, Thatched with Gold (1962), p. 21 6. Private unpublished memoir 7. Interview with the Hon. Lady Lindsay of Dowhill, 28 July 1986
Page 3 and 4:
PENGUIN BOOKS ELIZABETH Sarah Bradf
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Elizabeth A BIOGRAPHY OF HER MAJEST
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For William
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Foreword to Revised Edition When I
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Descendants of Christian IX of Denm
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Second plate section Coronation Day
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1 Destiny ‘In a way I didn’t ha
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and dissolve Parliaments - in actua
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made pregnant by a footman, Queen V
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Prince Albert Edward (known as ‘B
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age which, allied to the splenetic
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‘before their family was even com
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his father, he showed a sure touch
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miserable time kicking his heels at
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But with her charm and enjoyment of
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see,’ Elizabeth’s mother was he
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2 Princess in an Ivory Tower ‘It
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oyal children. Victoria’s last su
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Queen Mary: I fear it has been a ve
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changed round”… she obviously f
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their lives was now settled: weeken
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At their first meeting Crawfie had
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Elizabeth and her grandmother were
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whose lapses they struggled to conc
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Simpson. The increasing prominence
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pretty little knees’). The King,
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Wallis appeared all over the world,
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also above the law, and there would
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3 Heiress ‘I thought it all very,
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Room’ and the ‘Boudoir’, with
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throne they were taking her educati
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Coronation, From Lilibet By Herself
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changed her style to suit current f
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million in today’s money], the ch
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valley; up on the moors the air is
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Chamberlain pursued his policy of c
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that Edward, Duke of Windsor, is th
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occupants of probably the most inse
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Dartmouth; two of the boys had deve
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everything,’ Lampson reported on
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Cynthia Colville, whose son Jock ha
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sitting-room there on the morning o
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educed so that on certain days of t
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The King and Queen were grooming El
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were often childish games like sard
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wrote. He and Milford Haven ‘went
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worrying… Now we have to fight a
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girls her daughter was associating
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5 A Princely Marriage ‘A princely
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during the war, was about to marry
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with difficulty that he faced the w
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off the Gestapo at last.’ One inc
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great comfort,’ the Queen wrote t
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master, Lord Beaverbrook: The Princ
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eyes,’ Crawfie wrote. Once the en
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gin and tonic with Milford Haven be
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old home is still yours & do come b
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originally been built in 1825-30 fo
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handled on that basis. The Civil Se
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as a wedding present), went to Font
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Charles Edward Stuart, ‘Bonnie Pr
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hyme figures on them. There was a g
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World War had drastically shrunk an
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and Margaret. She had loved them an
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fact, years afterwards when it was
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daughter in the terms that his own
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Gloucester. The King was his keenes
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celebrated as usual at Sandringham
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7 Sovereign Lady ‘I never imagine
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I think that those years after the
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Etched into the public consciousnes
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machinery have their tales to tell
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Express, almost the only newspaperm
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the Duke, was the first day of the
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public had insisted on its rights t
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world that vanished in 1939 lived a
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spurs to Lords Hastings and Chursto
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priest and Nathan the prophet, so b
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8 Dark Princess ‘One of the funct
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her to marry a divorced man, howeve
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more and more time with Margaret. O
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futilely, in their forecasts of the
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was, however, furious when, in the
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occasion of Margaret’s twenty-fou
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discussions with her sister about i
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This was the moral straitjacket int
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who could not bring themselves to b
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and over 600 Kandyan dancers and dr
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showing her a drawing and her sayin
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personality since I last saw him at
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had been told that he might not las
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eplied, ‘Not at all… He could h
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Elizabeth was always well briefed.
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un on the pound had developed. Brit
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tragic turn of fate which laid you
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grandee: ‘What do they want?’ T
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the main focus of his attack was up
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10 Tweed and Diamonds ‘Poor young
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atmosphere in the Private Secretari
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same as they had for her forebears,
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formidable lady. I got on with her
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sphere as Ladies of the Bedchamber
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training establishments. She likes
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to her work - politics and world af
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Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, dr
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11 Mountbatten - Windsor ‘The Que
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his studio in Brick Street, Mayfair
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when the Island Sailing Club had gi
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took on the headship of various org
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Fleet, Field Marshal and Marshal of
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sword; his grandmother presented hi
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sending him. He went, but had to ru
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under the age of 25 has ever known
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Now therefore I declare my Will and
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to see The Bells Are Ringing. After
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enjoyed an informal style of living
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next decade. The 1960s was the era
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economically would ultimately fade
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Macmillan’s trump card. Elizabeth
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to satisfy the Conference that ‘B
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Elizabeth’s own first experience
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occasion, I’m told.’ Elizabeth
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ehaviour. She knew Cliveden, the se
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played in the Duke of Windsor saga
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summoned to Windsor to see the Quee
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and a pail underneath into which bi
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caught him completely on the wrong
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long time at it…’ The radical T
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tenth anniversary of the Coronation
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important area of her life - her ch
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mercilessly portrayed by cartoonist
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Australian terms - from Timbertop.
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Counsellors of State entitled to ca
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extrovert personality, she had foun
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parks the events were held and gett
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willing to play with him - absolute
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it was only after a threat of legal
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luncheon with the royal party but l
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Unlike his great-uncle, for whom th
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14 Daylight upon Magic ‘You’re
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Poet Laureate, C. Day Lewis, neithe
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from Buckingham Palace. The Palace
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publicity on a subject which both t
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Stationery and office equipment 46,
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The Committee’s recorded proceedi
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suggesting a royal commission into
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to reassure the Commonwealth. Unlik
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One gets a great deal of friendline
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1978, when the representatives of t
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experience. Not only was Margaret T
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continued. Lord Carrington, Thatche
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made concessions, led to the consti
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her Government’. Lastly, the Quee
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and perhaps to avoid the repeated c
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15 Extended Family ‘A family on t
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‘Her story was just like a nightm
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anecdotes which were invariably sel
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marriage. The question of Philip’
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and their active royal role, Elizab
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hostess Mrs Violet Wyndham. As the
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taxpayers by flying off to Mustique
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unspoken put-down - ‘she could ch
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eeked of joss sticks and from out o
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made from the emerald of the Great
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tragedy when Patrick Plunket died,
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ceremonial functions as the heir to
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friends, the elderly South African
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aware of what marriage into the roy
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16 Grim Fairy-Tales ‘It all seeme
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Althorp was tall, good-looking and,
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had been discussed. In 1978 Jane, t
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father, who later, when the marriag
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ealized, was not her type of girl.
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her courtiers might have had faded
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with the Prince at the Brabournes
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shaking like leaves and returned ca
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Sarah was the Fergusons’ second d
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much on his own. His education had
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a deeper level between Elizabeth an
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not an easy man to work for and was
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Prince’s attacks on ministers, wh
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staff included two public school bo
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more impatient with him than they w
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oth Wyatt and Ramzi Sultan, and ind
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epresenting the Queen, and Charles
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News International, owners of the S
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‘Squidgy’, ended with the publi
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father himself had not enjoyed. Fur
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(author’s italics) on their priva
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eing met. The conversation, curious
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the wake of the Waleses’ separati
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the Prince for her co-operation. El
Page 389 and 390:
ambassador. In return Diana made it
Page 391 and 392:
party which Prince Charles was to g
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18 Elizabeth R ‘With the monarchy
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a fundamental condition of royal in
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acknowledge that I hold the said bi
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etween two funds managed by two dif
Page 401 and 402:
and some free nominations for her o
Page 403 and 404: grandfather; both her grandfather a
Page 405 and 406: and occupy the purpose-built villag
Page 407 and 408: are such an inseparable part of Eli
Page 409 and 410: public desire for a slimmed-down mo
Page 411 and 412: outside the Palace the newspapers a
Page 413 and 414: Airways. Relations between Palace a
Page 415 and 416: the enhanced public profile of the
Page 417 and 418: ‘The long, cool stare’: Elizabe
Page 419 and 420: ‘Uncle David’: Edward as Prince
Page 421 and 422: Sir Alan ‘Tommy’ Lascelles, Pri
Page 423 and 424: ‘Us four’ at the Royal Lodge, W
Page 425 and 426: Elizabeth and Philip pose for their
Page 427 and 428: The new Queen: Elizabeth at London
Page 429 and 430: ‘Blissful’ couple: Margaret and
Page 431 and 432: February 1957 ‘Bobo’ - Margaret
Page 433 and 434: Elizabeth seen with her Private Sec
Page 435 and 436: David George Coke Patrick Ogilvy, 1
Page 437 and 438: The fairy-tale Princess and her Sol
Page 439 and 440: Love Story II: The Prince of Wales
Page 441 and 442: Elizabeth with her racing manager a
Page 443 and 444: Balmoral Castle, set in the green v
Page 445 and 446: Elizabeth and Philip with their sen
Page 447 and 448: ‘That’s what it’s all about
Page 449 and 450: Epilogue ‘Everyone thinks what fu
Page 451 and 452: American observer put it, ‘You ta
Page 453: Acknowledgements By kind permission
Page 457 and 458: 3: Heiress 1. Norman Hartnell, Silv
Page 459 and 460: 6: The Edinburghs 1. Balliol Colleg
Page 461 and 462: 1. Townsend, op. cit., p. 189 2. Th
Page 463 and 464: 16. cited in Anthony Holden, Charle
Page 465 and 466: 4. Longford, op. cit., p. 276 5. In
Page 467 and 468: 3. Bernard Palmer, High and Mitred
Page 469 and 470: Falkender, Marcia, Inside Number 10
Page 471 and 472: Vickers, Hugo, Alice: Princess Andr
Page 473 and 474: Altrincham, John Grigg, 2nd Baron,
Page 475 and 476: Blunt, Alfred Walter Frank, Bishop
Page 477 and 478: Charles I, King, 2, 95 Charles:The
Page 479 and 480: and outbreak of war, 86, 88; at Win
Page 481 and 482: dedication, 179-80, 186; and Common
Page 483 and 484: Francis, Mary, 514 Franz, Prince, D
Page 485 and 486: Hailsham, Douglas McGarel Hogg, 1st
Page 487 and 488: Imperial Poona Yacht Club, 263 In W
Page 489 and 490: Legh family, 43 Legh, Diana, 64, 74
Page 491 and 492: Meade, Richard, 334 Meet the Press
Page 493 and 494: Nyerere, Julius, 362, 376 Ogilvy, A
Page 495 and 496: Rainier, Prince of Monaco, 458 Ramp
Page 497 and 498: Soames, Christopher, Baron, 217, 40
Page 499 and 500: Viktoria Luise, Duchess of Brunswic
Page 501 and 502: York Cottage, Sandringham, 14, 500
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