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Neuromuscular Junction671451232111098Regional Neuroscience 2-4
Neuromuscular Junction1. Schwann cell2. Synaptic vesicles3. Synaptic cleft4. Myelin sheath5. Axoplasm6. Basement membrane7. Presynaptic membrane8. Acetylcholine receptor sites9. Junctional folds (secondary folds)10. Postsynaptic membrane11. MyofibrilsComment: When motor action potential invades the motorend plate, the influx of Ca ++ causes the simultaneous release ofapproximately 200 vesicles of acetylcholine (Ach). The vesiclesfuse with the nerve terminal membrane and release Ach intothe synaptic cleft, especially into the secondary folds which arelined with nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The quantal release ofAch is usually sufficient to bring the muscle membrane potentialto threshold, producing a muscle action potential that results incontraction of the skeletal muscle fiber. A single muscle fiber hasonly one neuromuscular junction, but one motor axon may innervatefrom a few (extraocular muscles) to a few thousand (quadriceps)skeletal muscle fibers. The motor end plate also exerts a trophicinfluence on its innervated skeletal muscle fibers; loss of innervationleads to muscle atrophy, loss of contraction, and total inactivity. Ifa lower motor neuron dies and retracts its motor endplates from itsinnervated muscle fibers (the motor unit), axons from adjacent intactlower motor neurons may sprout and reinnervate those originallydenervated sites. This commonly happens in polio, resulting in partialparalysis (flaccid). The reinnervation leaves a motor neuron with alarger-sized motor unit.Regional Neuroscience See book 9.3
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Netter’sNeuroscienceFlash CardsSe
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PrefaceNetter’s Neuroscience Flas
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Table of ContentsSection 1 : Overvi
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1 Overview of the Nervous SystemPla
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Overview of the Nervous SystemPlate
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Neuronal Structure12345 67891011Ove
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Neuronal Cell Types12111210Red:Moto
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Glial Cell Types10918265374Overview
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Blood-Brain Barrier162543Overview o
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Myelination of CNS and PNS AxonsCen
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Synaptic MorphologyA. Schematic of
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Overview of the Nervous System 1-7C
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Foramina in the Base ofthe Adult Sk
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Bony Framework of the Headand Neck7
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Schematic of the Meninges and Their
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Hematomas4321765Overview of the Ner
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Surface Anatomy of the Forebrain:La
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Lateral View of the Forebrain:Funct
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Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal)
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Anatomy of the Basal Surface ofthe
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A. Coronal viewBrain Imaging: Compu
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Brain Imaging: Magnetic ResonanceIm
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Brain Imaging: Magnetic ResonanceIm
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Horizontal Brain Sections Showingth
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Major Limbic Forebrain Structures76
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Color Imaging of the Corpus Callosu
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Hippocampal Formation and FornixA.
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Thalamic Anatomy11321211104356789Ov
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Thalamic Nuclei12354876910111514121
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Brain Stem Surface Anatomy:Posterol
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Brain Stem Surface Anatomy:Anterior
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Cerebellar Anatomy: Internal Featur
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Spinal Column: Bony Anatomy12345678
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy In Situ1
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Spinal Cord: Its Meninges andSpinal
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Spinal Cord: Cross-SectionalAnatomy
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Spinal Cord: White and Gray Matter1
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Ventricular Anatomy1112345671098Ove
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Ventricular Anatomy in CoronalForeb
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Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle:Lat
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A. Axial viewMagnetic Resonance Ima
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Circulation of the Cerebrospinal Fl
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Arterial Supply to the Brainand Men
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Arterial Distribution to the Brain:
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Page 94 and 95: Circle of Willis: Schematic Illustr
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Page 98 and 99: Magnetic Resonance Angiography:Coro
Page 100 and 101: Vertebrobasilar Arterial System1234
Page 102 and 103: Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal
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Page 106 and 107: Meninges and SuperficialCerebral Ve
Page 108 and 109: Venous Sinuses123458109675118241096
Page 110 and 111: Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain:R
Page 112 and 113: Magnetic Resonance Venography123451
Page 114 and 115: Neurulation1Level of section4523432
Page 116 and 117: Neural Tube Development andNeural C
Page 118 and 119: Development of Peripheral Axons2134
Page 120 and 121: Early Brain Development:36-Day-Old
Page 122 and 123: Early Brain Development: 49-Day-Old
Page 124 and 125: Development of the Eye and Orbit1 2
Page 126 and 127: Development of the Ear326574112aLat
Page 128 and 129: Development of the Pituitary Gland1
Page 130 and 131: Development of the Ventricles134312
Page 132 and 133: 2Regional NeurosciencePlates 2-1 to
Page 134 and 135: Regional NeurosciencePlates 2-1 to
Page 136 and 137: 2-82 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gla
Page 138 and 139: Spinal Cord and PNS SchematicSensor
Page 140 and 141: Anatomy of a Peripheral Nerve1Compr
Page 142 and 143: Cutaneous Receptors1 2 3 4567Region
Page 146 and 147: Dermatomal Distribution124 365789Re
Page 148 and 149: Cutaneous Nerves ofthe Head and Nec
Page 150 and 151: Cervical Plexus12345111067981211108
Page 152 and 153: Phrenic Nerve18756423Regional Neuro
Page 154 and 155: Thoracic Nerves123 4561079 8Regiona
Page 156 and 157: Brachial PlexusC56SuperiorC6C7435La
Page 158 and 159: Dermatomes of the Upper Limb7Anteri
Page 160 and 161: Cutaneous Innervation of the UpperL
Page 162 and 163: Scapular, Axillary, and RadialNerve
Page 164 and 165: Radial Nerve in the Forearm12345789
Page 166 and 167: Musculocutaneous Nerve1116987102354
Page 168 and 169: Median Nerve12 6734Cutaneousinnerva
Page 170 and 171: Ulnar Nerve12Cutaneousinnervation34
Page 172 and 173: Lumbar Plexus1345267891011213456813
Page 174 and 175: Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses978106
Page 176 and 177: Femoral and Lateral FemoralCutaneou
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Page 180 and 181: Sciatic and Posterior FemoralCutane
Page 182 and 183: Tibial Nerve127Cutaneousinnervation
Page 184 and 185: Common Peroneal Nerve101Cutaneousin
Page 186 and 187: Schematic of the AutonomicNervous S
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Schematic of Pterygopalatine andSub
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Thoracic Sympathetic Chain andSplan
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Innervation ofthe Tracheobronchial
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Innervation of the Heart2 139410115
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Abdominal Nerves and Ganglia1243567
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Nerves of the EsophagusAnterior vie
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Nerves of the Stomach and Duodenum1
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Nerves of the Small Intestine123456
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Nerves of the Large Intestine123154
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Enteric Nervous SystemVagus nervesT
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Autonomic Innervation of the Livera
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Autonomic Innervationof the Pancrea
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Innervation of the Adrenal Gland1T1
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Autonomic Pelvic Nervesand Ganglia1
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Nerves of the Kidneys, Ureters,and
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Innervation of the MaleReproductive
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Innervation of the FemaleReproducti
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Cytoarchitecture of the SpinalCord
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C7 Spinal Cord Cross SectionDescend
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T8 Spinal Cord Cross SectionDescend
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L3 Spinal Cord Cross SectionDescend
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S3 Spinal Cord Cross SectionDescend
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Spinal Cord Imaging123456789Regiona
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Spinal Somatic Reflex Pathways1234F
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Muscle and Joint Receptorsand Muscl
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Brain Stem Cross Section:Medulla-Sp
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Brain Stem Cross Section: Medullaat
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Brain Stem Cross Section:Medullo-Po
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Brain Stem Cross Section: Pons atth
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Brain Stem Cross Section: Pons atth
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Brain Stem Cross Sections: Pons att
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Brain Stem Cross Section:Pons-Midbr
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Brain Stem Cross Section: Midbrain
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Brain Stem Cross Section: Midbrain
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Brain Stem Cross Section:Midbrain-D
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Cranial Nerves: Basal View of the B
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Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei:Sch
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Nerves of the Orbit1312123451110967
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Extraocular Cranial Nerves123456789
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Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)4 3 2 156789
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Facial Nerve (CN VII)12345678910 11
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)23
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Senso
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Vagus Nerve (CN X)12345761110981213
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Accessory Nerve (CN XI)125673489101
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Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)123456Mot
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Reticular Formation and NucleiA. Th
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Sleep-Wakefulness ControlThalamus10
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Cerebellar Organization:Lobes and R
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Cerebellar Anatomy: Deep Nucleiand
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Thalamic Anatomy andInterconnection
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland123
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Hypothalamic Nuclei1Lateralventricl
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Axial Sections throughthe Forebrain
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Axial Sections throughthe Forebrain
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Axial Sections through the Forebrai
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Axial Section through the Forebrain
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Coronal Sections throughthe Forebra
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Coronal Sections through the Forebr
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Cortical Association Pathways4Ms IM
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Major Cortical Association Bundles1
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Color Imaging of Projection Pathway
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Noradrenergic Pathways612345Regiona
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Serotonergic Pathways2 1345678910Re
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Dopaminergic Pathways1234567Regiona
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Central Cholinergic Pathways123456R
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Olfactory Nerves213546789105346Regi
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3Systemic NeurosciencePlates 3-1 to
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Systemic NeurosciencePlates 3-1 to
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Somatosensory Afferents tothe Spina
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Somatosensory System:Spinocerebella
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Somatosensory System: Dorsal Column
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Somatosensory System: Spinothalamic
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Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain andS
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Descending Control of Pain Processi
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Trigeminal Sensory and AssociatedSe
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Taste PathwaysCerebrum1234Pons657Me
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Peripheral Pathways forSound Recept
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Bony and Membranous Labyrinths11723
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VIII Nerve Innervation of Hair Cell
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Auditory Pathways2134756Low tonesMi
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Centrifugal (Efferent)Auditory Path
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Vestibular ReceptorsA. Membranous l
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Vestibular Pathways12123456111097Lo
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NystagmusSlow phaseRapid phase(sacc
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Anatomy of the Eye12345678910111817
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Anterior and Posterior Chambersof t
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Retina: Retinal LayersRetinallayers
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Arteries and Veins of the Eye123456
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Optic ChiasmSuperiorTemporalNasal12
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Visual Pathways: Retinal Projection
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Visual Pathway: Retino-Geniculo-Cal
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Visual Pathways in the Parietaland
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Distribution of Lower Motor Neurons
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Cortical Efferent PathwaysCerebral
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Color Imaging of CorticalEfferent P
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Corticobulbar Tract1234567891078Sys
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Corticospinal Tract11223467856Syste
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Rubrospinal Tract12341089576Systemi
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Vestibulospinal Tracts12 Vestibular
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Reticulospinal Tracts2134567Systemi
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Central Control of Eye Movements123
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Central Control of Respiration12341
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Cerebellar Neuronal CircuitryExcita
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Afferent Pathways to the Cerebellum
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Cerebellar Efferent PathwaysExcitat
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Connections of the Basal GangliaCon
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General Organization ofthe Autonomi
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Sections through hypothalamus ISect
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Sections throughthe Midhypothalamus
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Sections through the CaudalHypothal
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Schematic Reconstructionof the Hypo
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Afferent and Efferent PathwaysAssoc
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Paraventricular Nucleusof the Hypot
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Mechanisms of Cytokine Influences o
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Circumventricular Organs126543Syste
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Hypophysial Portal VasculatureBlood
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Regulation of the Anterior Pituitar
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Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysi
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Hypothalamus and Thermoregulation21
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Neuroimmunomodulation11423131211489
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Anatomy of the Limbic ForebrainMajo
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Hippocampal Formation:General Anato
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Neuronal Connections ofthe Hippocam
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Major Afferent and EfferentConnecti
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Major Efferent Connectionsof the Am
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Major Connectionsof the Cingulate C
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Olfactory Pathways12345613141516171
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