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Spinal Somatic Reflex Pathways1234From extensor spindlereceptor (Ia fibers)From flexor spindlereceptor (Ia fibers)From flexor tendonorgan (Ib fibers)From flexorspindle(Ia fibers)AxoaxonicpresynapticinhibitorysynapseAxosomatic oraxodendriticinhibitorysynapseExcitatorysynapseRenshawcellsInhibitorysynapseExcitatorysynapseTo flexorsTo flexorsTo extensorsTo extensorsCollateralsTo extensorsTo synergistic muscles56Nociceptive fibersIpsilateralflexionContralateralextensionInhibitorysynapseExcitatorysynapseInhibitorysynapseExcitatorysynapseExcitesphasicflexorsRenshawcellTo extensorsTo extensorsTo flexorsTo flexorsTo flexorsInhibits tonicextensorsTo extensorsRegional Neuroscience 2-52
Spinal Somatic Reflex PathwaysType of Reflex Responses1. Afferent inhibition2. Muscle stretch reflex3. Recurrent inhibition4. Golgi tendon organ reflex5. Flexor reflex withdrawal reflex6. Renshaw cell biasComment: Somatic spinal cord reflexes consist of a sensory input,a motor output, and possible intermediate neurons in the spinalcord. The muscle stretch reflex involves stimulation of Ia afferentsfrom the muscle spindles responding to stretch of the homonymousmuscle, synapsing on corresponding lower motor neurons (LMNs) toelicit contraction of the muscle whose tendon has been stretched.This reflex is the most commonly tested reflex in neurology. Iaafferents from flexor or extensor muscles can reciprocally inhibit theactivity in their counterpart, called reciprocal or afferent inhibition.The Golgi tendon organ reflex is a disynaptic reflex stimulatedby high threshold stretch of a tendon, leading to inhibition of thehomonymous LMN pool to muscle and excitation of the antagonistLMN pool. This reflex is observable in patients with a pathologicalcondition such as spasticity. The flexor reflex withdrawal responseis a polysynaptic reflex elicited from sensory activation (particularlynoxious stimuli) that results in appropriate reflex withdrawal of thebody part from potential harm also accompanied by reciprocalinhibition. Renshaw cells provide a mechanism for controlling LMNexcitability by inhibiting an LMN that has just been excited by areflex activation or activation from a descending pathway. TheRenshaw cell receives input from axon collaterals of both flexor andextensor LMNs, and in turn exerts an inhibitory bias toward extensorLMNs with a reciprocal excitation of flexor LMNs. This systemfavors flexor movements and helps to inhibit extensor movements,especially powerful antigravity muscle activity.Regional Neuroscience See book 10.8
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Netter’sNeuroscienceFlash CardsSe
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PrefaceNetter’s Neuroscience Flas
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Table of ContentsSection 1 : Overvi
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1 Overview of the Nervous SystemPla
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Overview of the Nervous SystemPlate
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Neuronal Structure12345 67891011Ove
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Neuronal Cell Types12111210Red:Moto
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Glial Cell Types10918265374Overview
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Blood-Brain Barrier162543Overview o
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Myelination of CNS and PNS AxonsCen
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Synaptic MorphologyA. Schematic of
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Overview of the Nervous System 1-7C
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Foramina in the Base ofthe Adult Sk
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Bony Framework of the Headand Neck7
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Schematic of the Meninges and Their
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Hematomas4321765Overview of the Ner
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Surface Anatomy of the Forebrain:La
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Lateral View of the Forebrain:Funct
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Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal)
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Anatomy of the Basal Surface ofthe
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A. Coronal viewBrain Imaging: Compu
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Brain Imaging: Magnetic ResonanceIm
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Brain Imaging: Magnetic ResonanceIm
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Horizontal Brain Sections Showingth
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Major Limbic Forebrain Structures76
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Color Imaging of the Corpus Callosu
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Hippocampal Formation and FornixA.
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Thalamic Anatomy11321211104356789Ov
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Thalamic Nuclei12354876910111514121
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Brain Stem Surface Anatomy:Posterol
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Brain Stem Surface Anatomy:Anterior
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Cerebellar Anatomy: Internal Featur
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Spinal Column: Bony Anatomy12345678
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy In Situ1
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Spinal Cord: Its Meninges andSpinal
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Spinal Cord: Cross-SectionalAnatomy
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Spinal Cord: White and Gray Matter1
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Ventricular Anatomy1112345671098Ove
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Ventricular Anatomy in CoronalForeb
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Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle:Lat
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A. Axial viewMagnetic Resonance Ima
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Circulation of the Cerebrospinal Fl
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Arterial Supply to the Brainand Men
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Arterial Distribution to the Brain:
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Circle of Willis: Schematic Illustr
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Magnetic Resonance Angiography:Coro
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Vertebrobasilar Arterial System1234
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Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal
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Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord:
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Meninges and SuperficialCerebral Ve
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Venous Sinuses123458109675118241096
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Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain:R
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Magnetic Resonance Venography123451
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Neurulation1Level of section4523432
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Neural Tube Development andNeural C
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Development of Peripheral Axons2134
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Early Brain Development:36-Day-Old
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Early Brain Development: 49-Day-Old
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Development of the Eye and Orbit1 2
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Development of the Ear326574112aLat
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Development of the Pituitary Gland1
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Development of the Ventricles134312
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2Regional NeurosciencePlates 2-1 to
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Regional NeurosciencePlates 2-1 to
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2-82 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gla
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Spinal Cord and PNS SchematicSensor
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Anatomy of a Peripheral Nerve1Compr
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Cutaneous Receptors1 2 3 4567Region
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Neuromuscular Junction6714512321110
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Dermatomal Distribution124 365789Re
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Cutaneous Nerves ofthe Head and Nec
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Cervical Plexus12345111067981211108
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Phrenic Nerve18756423Regional Neuro
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Thoracic Nerves123 4561079 8Regiona
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Brachial PlexusC56SuperiorC6C7435La
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Dermatomes of the Upper Limb7Anteri
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Cutaneous Innervation of the UpperL
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Scapular, Axillary, and RadialNerve
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Radial Nerve in the Forearm12345789
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Musculocutaneous Nerve1116987102354
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Median Nerve12 6734Cutaneousinnerva
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Ulnar Nerve12Cutaneousinnervation34
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Lumbar Plexus1345267891011213456813
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Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses978106
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Femoral and Lateral FemoralCutaneou
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Obturator Nerve12345136789101112Reg
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Sciatic and Posterior FemoralCutane
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Tibial Nerve127Cutaneousinnervation
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Common Peroneal Nerve101Cutaneousin
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Schematic of the AutonomicNervous S
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Autonomic Distribution to the Heada
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Page 194 and 195: Schematic of Pterygopalatine andSub
Page 196 and 197: Thoracic Sympathetic Chain andSplan
Page 198 and 199: Innervation ofthe Tracheobronchial
Page 200 and 201: Innervation of the Heart2 139410115
Page 202 and 203: Abdominal Nerves and Ganglia1243567
Page 204 and 205: Nerves of the EsophagusAnterior vie
Page 206 and 207: Nerves of the Stomach and Duodenum1
Page 208 and 209: Nerves of the Small Intestine123456
Page 210 and 211: Nerves of the Large Intestine123154
Page 212 and 213: Enteric Nervous SystemVagus nervesT
Page 214 and 215: Autonomic Innervation of the Livera
Page 216 and 217: Autonomic Innervationof the Pancrea
Page 218 and 219: Innervation of the Adrenal Gland1T1
Page 220 and 221: Autonomic Pelvic Nervesand Ganglia1
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Page 224 and 225: Innervation of the MaleReproductive
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Page 228 and 229: Cytoarchitecture of the SpinalCord
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Page 234 and 235: L3 Spinal Cord Cross SectionDescend
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Page 242 and 243: Muscle and Joint Receptorsand Muscl
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Page 264 and 265: Brain Stem Cross Section: Midbrain
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Page 268 and 269: Cranial Nerves: Basal View of the B
Page 270 and 271: Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei:Sch
Page 272 and 273: Nerves of the Orbit1312123451110967
Page 274 and 275: Extraocular Cranial Nerves123456789
Page 276 and 277: Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)4 3 2 156789
Page 278 and 279: Facial Nerve (CN VII)12345678910 11
Page 280 and 281: Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)23
Page 282 and 283: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)Senso
Page 284 and 285: Vagus Nerve (CN X)12345761110981213
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Reticular Formation and NucleiA. Th
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Sleep-Wakefulness ControlThalamus10
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Cerebellar Organization:Lobes and R
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Cerebellar Anatomy: Deep Nucleiand
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Thalamic Anatomy andInterconnection
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland123
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Hypothalamic Nuclei1Lateralventricl
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Axial Sections throughthe Forebrain
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Axial Sections throughthe Forebrain
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Axial Sections through the Forebrai
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Axial Section through the Forebrain
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Coronal Sections throughthe Forebra
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Coronal Sections through the Forebr
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Cortical Association Pathways4Ms IM
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Major Cortical Association Bundles1
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Color Imaging of Projection Pathway
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Noradrenergic Pathways612345Regiona
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Serotonergic Pathways2 1345678910Re
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Dopaminergic Pathways1234567Regiona
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Central Cholinergic Pathways123456R
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Olfactory Nerves213546789105346Regi
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3Systemic NeurosciencePlates 3-1 to
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Systemic NeurosciencePlates 3-1 to
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Somatosensory Afferents tothe Spina
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Somatosensory System:Spinocerebella
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Somatosensory System: Dorsal Column
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Somatosensory System: Spinothalamic
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Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain andS
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Descending Control of Pain Processi
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Trigeminal Sensory and AssociatedSe
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Taste PathwaysCerebrum1234Pons657Me
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Peripheral Pathways forSound Recept
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Bony and Membranous Labyrinths11723
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VIII Nerve Innervation of Hair Cell
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Auditory Pathways2134756Low tonesMi
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Centrifugal (Efferent)Auditory Path
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Vestibular ReceptorsA. Membranous l
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Vestibular Pathways12123456111097Lo
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NystagmusSlow phaseRapid phase(sacc
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Anatomy of the Eye12345678910111817
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Anterior and Posterior Chambersof t
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Retina: Retinal LayersRetinallayers
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Arteries and Veins of the Eye123456
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Optic ChiasmSuperiorTemporalNasal12
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Visual Pathways: Retinal Projection
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Visual Pathway: Retino-Geniculo-Cal
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Visual Pathways in the Parietaland
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Distribution of Lower Motor Neurons
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Cortical Efferent PathwaysCerebral
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Color Imaging of CorticalEfferent P
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Corticobulbar Tract1234567891078Sys
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Corticospinal Tract11223467856Syste
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Rubrospinal Tract12341089576Systemi
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Vestibulospinal Tracts12 Vestibular
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Reticulospinal Tracts2134567Systemi
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Central Control of Eye Movements123
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Central Control of Respiration12341
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Cerebellar Neuronal CircuitryExcita
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Afferent Pathways to the Cerebellum
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Cerebellar Efferent PathwaysExcitat
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Connections of the Basal GangliaCon
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General Organization ofthe Autonomi
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Sections through hypothalamus ISect
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Sections throughthe Midhypothalamus
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Sections through the CaudalHypothal
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Schematic Reconstructionof the Hypo
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Afferent and Efferent PathwaysAssoc
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Paraventricular Nucleusof the Hypot
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Mechanisms of Cytokine Influences o
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Circumventricular Organs126543Syste
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Hypophysial Portal VasculatureBlood
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Regulation of the Anterior Pituitar
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Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysi
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Hypothalamus and Thermoregulation21
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Neuroimmunomodulation11423131211489
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Anatomy of the Limbic ForebrainMajo
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Hippocampal Formation:General Anato
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Neuronal Connections ofthe Hippocam
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Major Afferent and EfferentConnecti
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Major Efferent Connectionsof the Am
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Major Connectionsof the Cingulate C
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Olfactory Pathways12345613141516171
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NETTER - Neuroscience Flash Cards

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