Thesis - Leigh Moody.pdf - Bad Request - Cranfield University

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Glossary _ _ in which the current model might be enhanced. The model already deals with earth and self-screening, but does ignore satellites blocked by the local terrain. This effect can be crudely studied using the current model by increasing the earth-screening angle. This enhancement to the GPS model should not be undertaken lightly as it is complex and will need considerable computational effort. Currently the satellite position required for the pseudo-range data is computed from the symmetric constellation geometry. This is quick and simple, but prevents the study of performance using actual satellite constellations. Equations are provided that process published Ephemeris data to determine the actual position of each satellite at any particular time; equations that have yet to be implemented. 3.14.6 Helmet Mounted Sights Helmet Mounted Sights are an evolving technology compared with the other sensors. Conceptually they are simple although they involve human factors that are always likely to complicate any error model. The author, having first hand experience of the system, has (he believes) introduced sufficient elements into the model to deal with vibration, helmet slippage, hysteresis, and head dynamics. 3.14.7 Air-Data Sensors The processing of temperature and Pitot measurements to obtain height, airspeed and Mach number is presented. As was the case with GPS data, the outputs from the air-data computer are not strictly measurements in the sense that it is processed data. Fortunately, measurement errors are transformed rather than filtered which would have created difficulties for measurement fusion. The current model does not provide attitude that is usually available from air-data systems. This requires the introduction of a generic sensor to deal with instruments such as the magnetometer. For completeness, this enhancement to the current model is recommended. 3.14-6
Chapter 5 / Missile State Observer _ _ Chapter 4 TARGET TRACKING For air-defence a ground-based phased-array tracker provides position and doppler measurements of the target and missile. The target-track formulated here in §4 is fused in the missile with measurements from gyroscopes, accelerometers and a seeker, to obtain optimal state estimates from which the guidance parameters are obtained. A review of centralised and decentralised architectures for track and measurement fusion in the missile is deferred until §5. For this application, if the up-link bandwidth and on-board processing are limited, as is always the case, sophisticated ground target-track formation is inevitable. Whether a missile-track, or the radar measurements are up-link for centralised fusion is less obvious - the latter is used. Single-axis, steady-state filters are inadequate against agile targets and multiple-model alternatives are considered: optimal Bayesian, pseudo- Bayesian, Gaussian Sum and the IMM with a fixed mode set. Stochastic filter formulations are reviewed for the individual IMM filters, and the conventional EKF selected with different target dynamics: constant velocity, constant acceleration, dog-leg (Singer) and weaving. An earthreferenced Cartesian state space is chosen, and filter initialisation explored. The IMM is modified to accommodate serial measurement processing to improve linearisation. Using filters that accurately propagate covariance statistics in high-dynamic engagements is avoided at this stage. Transition probabilities are selected so that system noise is always injected between target flight regime changes. Measurement processing at 10 Hz means multi-rate IMM operation, re-initialisation taking place at a lower rate. Sufficient information from the IMM is up-linked to extract the information added between measurement updates that is required for track fusion. The target simulator is described concentrating on its isolation, stimulation using either reference data or corrupt sensor measurements, and the use of each tracking filter separately, or combined using an IMM algorithm. 3-1
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY LEIGH MOODY SE
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ABSTRACT When considering advances
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Contents _ _ LIST OF CONTENTS 1 INT
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Contents _ _ 8.2 The Scope of Moder
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Contents _ _ 17.4 Inertial Velocity
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Tables _ _ LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1
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Figures _ _ LIST OF FIGURES Figure
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Figures _ _ Figure 5-1 : Centralise
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Figures _ _ Figure 19-3 : Air Densi
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Acronyms _ _ Acronyms And Abbreviat
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Acronyms _ _ HDOP - NAVSTAR GPS Hor
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Acronyms _ _ RCS - Radar Cross Sect
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Glossary _ _ GLOSSARY A challenge w
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Glossary _ _ 0.1 Predicate Calculus
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Glossary _ _ ]A,B] Real number rang
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Glossary _ _ 0.9 Matrix Operators [
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Glossary _ _ 0.14.2 Special Vectors
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Glossary _ _ P C a , b ≡ XC YC ZC
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Glossary _ _ V ≡ V : = V • V Th
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Glossary _ _ 0.16.4 Matrix Partitio
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Glossary _ _ Only the subset of qua
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Glossary _ _ 0.19 Systeme Internati
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1 Chapter 1 / Introduction _ _ Chap
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Chapter 1 / Introduction _ _ Wherea
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Chapter 1 / Introduction _ _ • Cr
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Chapter 1 / Introduction _ _ genera
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Chapter 1 / Introduction _ _ radar
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Chapter 1 / Introduction _ _ simple
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Chapter 1 / Introduction _ _ optimi
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Chapter 1 / Introduction _ _ 1.3.9
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2 Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _ 2.
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _ t
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _ P&
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _ GO
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _ th
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _ VX
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Chapter 2 / Target Modelling _ _ ma
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3 Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ Chapter 3
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ 3.1 Simulat
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ Table 3-4 :
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ Reference D
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ 3.2-9 s s i
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ 3.2-11 t o
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ Figure 3-5
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ Table 3-7 :
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ IF ϕ LIM
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ The phase e
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ Taking expe
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ Expressing
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ INPUT; AA,
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Chapter 3 / Sensors _ _ The functio
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Chapter 3 / Inertial Navigation _ _
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Gyroscopes _
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Accelerometer
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Barometric Al
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Barometric Al
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Radar Altimet
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Radar _ _ 3.8
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Radar _ _ LF
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Radar _ _ ( )
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Radar _ _ S :
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Radar _ _ SN
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Radar _ _ 2
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Radar _ _ ⎛
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Seeker _ _ 3.
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Seeker _ _ 5
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Chapter 3 / Sensors / Seeker _ _ 3.
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Chapter 5 / Missile State Observer
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6 Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ 6.
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ As
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ CD
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ ge
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ ex
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ &
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ PN
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ ra
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ of
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ NO
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ tr
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ η
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ Au
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ Fo
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ (
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _
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Chapter 6 / Missile Guidance _ _ ar
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7 Chapter 7 / Missile Trajectory Op
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Chapter 7 / Missile Trajectory Opti
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8 Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ Chapte
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ 8.1 The
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ 8.3 The
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ Having p
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ 8.5.1 Gl
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ (1) CONS
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ 8.6.2 Ou
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ The file
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ • The
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ comprehe
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ WIN_RATE
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ for this
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ with the
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ Figure 8
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ Table 8-
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Chapter 8 / Simulation _ _ 8.8 Disc
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9 Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ Chapt
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Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ 9.1 Air
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Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ XM ( >
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Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ 9.3 PN
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Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ The eff
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Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ VXMVOM
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Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ VXMVOM
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Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ 9.4 CLO
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Chapter 9 / Performance _ _ AR_BOM
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Chapter 9 / Performance Chapter 9 /
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Initially the position error falls
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values of CN are not always a relia
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crude initialisation introduces err
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9.5.3 Singer Filter Tuning The Sing
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9.6.2 CLOS Study The CLOS study sho
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Chapter 10 / Conclusions _ _ 10-2
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Chapter 10 / Conclusions _ _ 10.3 T
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Chapter 10 / Conclusions _ _ 10.7 M
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Chapter 11 / Future Research _ _ 11
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Chapter 11 / Future Research _ _
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Chapter 11 / Future Research _ _ To
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References _ _ B.4 BAZARAA M.S., SH
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References _ _ F.1 FOX J.E., “A C
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References _ _ H.5 #HULL D.G., RADK
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References _ _ L.2 LOOZE D.P., HSU
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References _ _ N.4 NABAA N., BISHOP
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References _ _ R.3 RUSNACK I., “O
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References _ _ S.15 SINGER R.A.,
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References _ _ Y.2 YUAN P., CHERN J
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Bibliography _ _ B.13 BABA Y., YAMA
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Bibliography _ _ B.40 BECKER J.C.,
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Bibliography _ _ C.33 CORTINA E., O
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Bibliography _ _ E.8 ERSHOV A.A.,
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Bibliography _ _ G.34 GUTMAN P., VE
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Bibliography _ _ H.35 HUSSAIN A.M.,
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Bibliography _ _ K.14 KATZIR S., CL
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Bibliography _ _ L.19 LEFAS C.C,
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Bibliography _ _ M.16 MAYNE D.Q., P
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Bibliography _ _ P.1 PAINTER J.H.,
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Bibliography _ _ R.32 RONG LI X., Z
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Bibliography _ _ S.47 SPEYER J.L.,
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Bibliography _ _ V.5 VIAN J.L., MOO
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Bibliography _ _ W.29 WATSON G.A.,
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Appendix A / Geometric Points _ _ 1
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Appendix A / Geometric Points _ _ 1
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Appendix B / Frames of Reference _
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Appendix C / Axis Transforms _ _ 16
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Appendix C / Axis Transforms _ _ YP
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Appendix C / Axis Transforms _ _ B
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Appendix C / Axis Transforms _ _ YB
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Appendix C / Axis Transforms _ _ Us
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Appendix C / Axis Transforms _ _ No
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Appendix C / Axis Transforms _ _ B
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Appendix C / Axis Transforms _ _
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Appendix D / Point Mass Dynamics _
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ 18-
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ ELL
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ (dx
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ Int
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ 18.
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ 19-
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ P S
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ 19.
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Appendix E / Earth Geometry _ _ ∂
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Appendix G / Gravity _ _ 20-2
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Appendix G / Gravity _ _ g : = g +
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Appendix G / Gravity _ _ d −6 2
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Appendix G / Gravity _ _ 20-8
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Appendix H / Steady State Tracking
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Appendix I / Utilities _ _ 22.1-2
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Appendix I / Utilities _ _ Cartesia
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Appendix I / Utilities _ _ Matrix P
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Appendix I / Utilities _ _ 22.1-8
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Appendix I / Utilities / General Ut
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Appendix I / Utilities / WGS 84 Tar
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Appendix I / Utilities / Earth, Atm
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Appendix I / Utilities / Quaternion
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