Régulation des populations de Nématodes gastro-intestinaux ...

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Résultats reinforcing the role of these immune effectors in decreasing the faecal egg output. Eosinophils and mast cells are considered to play an important role in the response against gastrointestinal nematode infections (Douch et al., 1986 ; Dawkins et al., 1989 ; Pfeffer et al., 1996 ; Balic et al., 2000), as these cell types may kill infective larvae by releasing toxic proteins against the target parasite, as least in vitro (Butterworth et al., 1975 ; Capron et al., 1984 ; Rainbird et al., 1998). Traditionally the effector responses seems to act against incoming larvae and influence their expulsion. In our study, as no differences in worms establishment are recorded, these cells could also have a role on established parasites. Similarly, IgA and IgG antibodies could have a direct effect i) on the immune rejection of incoming larvae (Harrison et al., 2003) and ii) on established parasites by neutralizing or inactivating vital metabolic enzymes (Gill et al., 1993) or by interfering with the worm’s ability to feed (Smith, 1988). In conclusion, two successive one-month long T. colubriformis infections in young lambs are sufficient to induce the mobilization of Th2 cellular and antibody responses, to reduce the faecal egg excretion and then the larval contamination of pastures. Nevertheless using this immunization protocol, no reduction of the total worm burden, nor modifications of parasite development, are demonstrated, so benefits at the individual level remain limited. No clear polarization of the immune response can be ruled out when considering a whole given group, but individual variability observed in the previously-infected sheep for IL-5 mRNA transcription, cellular and antibody responses, plead nevertheless for a Th2-type pathway orientation. Repetitive or higher exposures may be required to initiate a strong Th2 protective immune response in young INRA 401 lambs. 150
REFERENCES Résultats Balic, A., Bowles, V. M. and Meeusen, E. N. The immunobiology of gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants. Adv Parasitol. 45 (2000) 181-241. Barnes, E.H. and Dobson, R.J. Persistence of acquired immunity to Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep after termination of infection. Int J Parasitol. 23 (1993) 1019-26. Bendixsen, T., Emery, D. L. and Jones, W. O. The sensitization of mucosal mast cells during infections with Trichostrongylus colubriformis or Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Int J Parasitol. 25 (1995) 741-748. Brown, W. C., Rice-Ficht, A. C. and Estes, D. M. Bovine type 1 and type 2 responses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 63 (1998) 45-55. Butterworth, A. E., Sturrock, R. F., Houba, V., Mahmoud, A. A., Sher, A. and Rees, P. H. Eosinophils as mediators of antibody-dependent damage to schistosomula. Nature. 256 (1975) 727-9. Capron, M., Nogueira-Queiroz, J. A., Papin, J. P. and Capron, A. Interactions between eosinophils and antibodies: in vivo protective role against rat schistosomiasis. Cell Immunol. 83 (1984) 60-72. Colditz, I.G., Watson, D.L., Gray, G.D. and Eady, S.J. Some relationships between age, immune responsiveness and resistance to parasites in ruminants. Int J Parasitol. 26 (1996) 869-77. Cooper, P. J., Chico, M. E., Sandoval, C., Espinel, I., Guevara, A., Kennedy, M. W., Urban Jr, J. F., Griffin, G. E. and Nutman, T. B. Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with a polarized cytokine response. J Infect Dis. 182 (2000) 1207-1213. Dawkins, H. J., Windon, R. G. and Eagleson, G. K. Eosinophil responses in sheep selected for high and low responsiveness to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Int J Parasitol. 19 (1989) 199- 205. Dobson, R.J., Waller, P.J. and Donald, A.D. Populations dynamics of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep: the effect of infection rate on loss of adult parasites. Int J Parasitol. 20 (1990a) 359-63. Dobson, R.J., Waller, P.J. and Donald, A.D. Populations dynamics of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep: the effect of host age on the establishment of infective larvae. Int J Parasitol. 20 (1990b) 353-57. Dobson, R.J., Waller, P.J. and Donald, A.D. Populations dynamics of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep: the effect of infection rate on the establishment of infective larvae and parasite fecundity. Int J Parasitol. 20 (1990c) 347-52. Douch, P. G., Harrison, G. B., Elliott, D. C., Buchanan, L. L. and Greer, K. S. Relationship of gastrointestinal histology and mucus antiparasite activity with the development of resistance to trichostrongyle infections in sheep. Vet Parasitol. 20 (1986) 315-31. 151
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