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stiinte med 3 2011.indd - Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei

stiinte med 3 2011.indd - Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei

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Ştiinţe Medicale<br />

cu sânge, el tot<strong>de</strong>auna este spălat (eritrocite spălate)<br />

şi filtrat cu filtre leucocitare (“PALL RG 400”) şi filtrul<br />

“PALL LG 6” ar trebui instalat în linia arterială.<br />

Concluzii. Principiile fiziologice <strong>de</strong> bază formează<br />

linii majore <strong>de</strong> protecţie a inimii <strong>de</strong> afectarea<br />

ischemică. Afectarea neintenţionată cu radicali liberi<br />

<strong>de</strong> O 2<br />

apare la copiii cianotici la startul CEC-ului,<br />

rezultând cu afectarea miocardului şi a plămânilor.<br />

Acest efect poate fi redus folosind CEC normoxic şi<br />

leucofiltraţia.<br />

Metoda i<strong>de</strong>ală <strong>de</strong> protecţie miocardică urmează a<br />

fi găsită.<br />

Bibliografie selectivă<br />

1. Melrose D. et col. Elective cardiac arrest; preliminary<br />

communication. In: Lancet, 1955, p. 21-22.<br />

2. Bretschnei<strong>de</strong>r J. et col. Myocardial resistance and<br />

tolerance to ischaemia. Phisiological and biochemical basis:<br />

In: J. Cardiovascular Surg. (Torino), 1975, 16, p. 241-<br />

251.<br />

3. Hearse D. et col. Cellular protection during myocardial<br />

ischaemia. In: Circulation, 1976, 54, p. 193-210.<br />

4. Buckberg GD. A proposed “solution” to the cardioplegic<br />

controversy. In: J. Cardiovascular Surg., 1979,<br />

77, p. 803-815.<br />

5. Bradley S. Allen et col. Pediatric Myocardial Protection:<br />

An Overview. In: Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular<br />

Surgery, vol 13, January, 2001, p. 56-72.<br />

6. Das S.N. et col. Miocardial preservation during<br />

cardiac surgery. In: Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 2002,<br />

5, p. 25-32.<br />

7. Buckberg G.D., Bradley S. Allen. Myocardial protection<br />

management during adult cardiac operations. In:<br />

Baue A.E., Geha A.S., Hammond G.L. et al. (eds). Glenn’s<br />

Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Stamford CT, Appleton<br />

& Lange, 1995, p. 1653-1687.<br />

8. Castaneda AR. et al. Myocardial preservation in<br />

the immature heart. In: Castaneda et al. (eds) Cardiac Surgery<br />

of the Neonate and Infant. Phila<strong>de</strong>lfia, Wb Saun<strong>de</strong>rs,<br />

1994, p. 41-54.<br />

9. Hammon J.W. Jr. Myocardial Protection in the immature<br />

heart. In: Ann. Thorac. Surgery, 1995, 60, p. 839-<br />

842.<br />

10. Romero et col. Limited left ventricular response<br />

to volume overload in the neonatal period: A comparative<br />

study with adult animal. In: Pediatr. Res., 1979, 13, p. 910-<br />

915.<br />

11. Silverman N. et col. Chronic hipoxemia <strong>de</strong>presses<br />

global ventricular function and predisposes to <strong>de</strong>pletion<br />

of high energy phosphates during cardioplegic arrest. In:<br />

Ann. Thorac. Surg., 1984; 37, p. 304-308.<br />

12. Friedman W.F. The intrinsic physiologic properties<br />

of the <strong>de</strong>veloping heart. In: Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis.,<br />

1972, 15, p. 87-111.<br />

59<br />

Rezumat<br />

În timpul clampării aortei (Ao) cu circulaţia extracorporală<br />

(CEC), inima este izolată <strong>de</strong> perfuzia restului corp<br />

uman. Chirurgul este dator să asigure protecţia a<strong>de</strong>cvată a<br />

miocardului şi în acelaşi timp să dispună <strong>de</strong> câmpul operator<br />

i<strong>de</strong>al pentru corecţia chirurgicală cât mai bună. Este<br />

importantă şi asigurarea condiţiilor <strong>de</strong> păstrare a rezervelor<br />

<strong>de</strong> oxigen în miocard, a glucozei şi a altor substraturi<br />

hidrocarbonice, fosfaţilor superenergetici, altfel toate substanţele<br />

numite se vor epuiza rapid şi va apărea afectarea<br />

ireversibilă. Protecţia miocardică cere <strong>de</strong> la echipa operatorie<br />

(chirurg, anestezist, perfuzionist) înţelegerea clară a<br />

problemei clinice şi cunoaşterea perfectă a întregii game <strong>de</strong><br />

tehnici <strong>de</strong> protecţie miocardică. Această revistă a literaturii<br />

concretizează principiile protecţiei miocardului şi ultimele<br />

succese ale tehnicilor <strong>de</strong> protecţie a miocardului în timpul<br />

CEC-ului la copiii mici.<br />

Summary<br />

This report reviews <strong>de</strong>velopmental differences between<br />

mature and immature myocardium. These differences,<br />

which are structural, biochemical, and functional, probably<br />

explain the differences which are observed between mature<br />

and immature myocardium with respect to resistance<br />

to ischemia. Although there are some clinical reports<br />

and also laboratory reports suggesting that immature<br />

myocardium ist more susceptible to ischemic injury than<br />

mature myocardium, the immature myocardium is in fact<br />

more resistant to ischemia. A <strong>de</strong>crease in cardiac output is<br />

frequently seen after cardiac surgery though it per se is rarely<br />

a cause of <strong>de</strong>ath. Factors which exacerbate postoperative<br />

low cardiac output inclu<strong>de</strong> mechanical factors such as<br />

distention and retraction, injury to coronary artery branches<br />

or direct injury to the myocardium with a ventriculostomy,<br />

as well as various perfusion and reperfusion factors such<br />

as pH. The i<strong>de</strong>al recipe for cardioplegia for immature<br />

myocardium remains poorly <strong>de</strong>fined. The age at which the<br />

transition occurs to mature myocardium also remains to be<br />

<strong>de</strong>fined in humans.<br />

Резюме<br />

Обзор литературы посвященной защите миокарда<br />

у маленьких детей, начиная с анатомических особенностей<br />

детского сердца и заканчивая условиями проведения<br />

ИК. Автоматический перенос правил для взрослых<br />

на защиту сердца для детей, чреват катастрофой, а<br />

соблюдение всех правил для детей увеличивает время<br />

безопасной ишемии.

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