Acta 93.indd - VÃ½zkumnÃ½ Ãºstav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasnÃ© ...

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Bassett, 1989) it was confirmed that the golden-leaved variety‘Verona’ (heterozygous genotype Aur + /Aur) crossed withgreen-leaved varieties gave the segregation ratio of 1 green: 1 aurea (P = 0.95-0.90) and after selfing it segregated atthe ratio of 1 green : 2 aurea (P = 0.90-0.50). The whitishhomozygote seedlings died at an early stage.Studies of golden (yellow-green) and green plastidsof Antirrhinum and Pelargonium demonstrated directconnection between fine structure, chlorophyll contentand photosynthetic activity. In was shown that in younggolden plastids a significant decreased level of chlorophyllb is correlated with very low amount of stacked thylakoids.A normalization of the chlorophyll a/b-ratio in the courseof the development and increased greening of the plastids isconnected with a preferential building of partitions (Knoth,at al., 1976). Nicotiana tabacum L. has also semi-dominant,nuclear encoded aurea mutation (known as Su). The paleyellowhomozygous plants (Su/Su) are non-photosyntheticwhile golden heterozygous (Su/Su + ) are photosyntheticallycompetent. Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins(LHCP) were undetectable in the homozygous plant. Inheterozygous plants, the level of LHCP was reduced to 25%of that in wild-type plants (Kawata, Cheung, 1990).All the results confirm that the gene aurea is one of the lethalgenes. Heterozygotes (Aur + /Aur) are viable but the homozygousconstitution with both lethal alleles (Aur/Aur) was found tobe lethal. Lethality can act in various degrees of penetranceor expressivity and can have different phases of activity. If themutation is caused by a recessive lethal allele, only homozygotesfor that allele have a lethal phenotype. If the mutation iscaused by a dominant lethal allele, both homozygotes andheterozygotes for that allele show the lethal phenotype. Thereare also cases of incompletely dominant lethal alleles or withoutdominance (Russell, 2006; Rieger et al., 1991).The aim of our study was to test segregation ratios in goldenleavedpelargoniums particularly from the aspect of theproduction of golden-leaved hybrid varieties propagated byseeds.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe variety ‘Mrs Quilter’ was used as basic material for ourbreeding of golden-leaved hybrid varieties propagated byseeds. This golden-leaved variety of Pelargonim × hortorumwith bronze leaf zone and pink flowers was introduced in1880 (Clifford, 1970). This variety was crossed with the bestPrůhonice’s lines with different types of leaf zonation. Theobtained golden-leaved plants were used for breeding of newvarieties and also for testing of segregation ratios.The testing of segregation ratios was done in hybrid andinbred progenies of 5 heterozygous golden-leaved lines (Table1 and Table 2). The lines and their hybrids for the evaluationin this study were selected on the basis of many previous testsrealized in the framework of breeding activities.In hybrids the size of tested progenies was 100 plants in 3–6replications. In inbred lines the size of tested progenies wasabout 50–100 plants in 2–5 replications. All replicationsof individual combinations were sown from the same lot ofseeds and tested in the same way. Only the sums from thesereplications are shown for lucidity in tables. The sizes of testedprogenies are shown in the respective tables.Seed germination. During the testing of segregation ratiosonly those progenies were tested that originated from seedwith 100% germination (or with the germination very closeto this percentage). Progenies for the evaluation of leaf colourwere obtained from seed sown onto filter paper and left ona laboratory germinator at a temperature of 22 °C. Clippedseeds were used to achieve the maximum germinationpercentage (the seeds were finely clipped at the tip where theseed coat covers the cotyledon primordium). These clippedseeds were sown onto moist filter paper and left to imbibefor 24 hours. When the seeds swelled enough, drop of Ethrel(or a few apples) were added to them as a source of ethyleneand everything was covered with a plastic foil. The ethylenewas left to act for 1–2 days. As soon as a radicle penetratedthrough the seed coat, the source of ethylene was removed.This is a method how to achieve 100% seed germinationTable 1 Golden-leaved lines tested in the studyLine No. Genotyp of linie Type of line207 Aur + /Aur golden-leaved female line243 Aur + /Aur golden-leaved female line22 Aur + /Aur golden-leaved male line167 Aur + /Aur golden-leaved male line346 Aur + /Aur golden-leaved male lineTable 2 Golden-leaved hybrids and their parents tested in the studyHybrid No. Genotyp of hybrid Female parent Male parent324 Aur + /Aur golden-leaved female 207 green-leaved male 205246 Aur + /Aur golden-leaved female 243 green-leaved male 145221 Aur + /Aur green-leaved female 55 golden-leaved male 22338 Aur + /Aur green-leaved female 114 golden-leaved male 22439 Aur + /Aur green-leaved female 220 golden-leaved male 167405 Aur + /Aur green-leaved female 223 golden-leaved male 34620
quite easily. In addition, seedlings are very uniform in theirdevelopment, which allows a single evaluation.Statistical evaluation of segregation ratios was done by thechi-square test.Relative vitality (v) expressed in percent was determined asfollows: (number of golden plants / number of green plants)× 100 for the segregation ratio 1:1, as [number of goldenplants /(number of green plants × 2)] × 100 for heterozygoteclass for the ratio 1:2 or 1:2:1 and as (number of light yellowplants / number of green plants) × 100 for the homozygouslight yellow class for segregation ratio 1:2:1.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAt the beginning of our breeding of golden-leavedpelargoniums, based on data in literature (Baur, 1907; Noak,1924; Hagemann, 1964; Almouslem, Tilney-Bassett, 1989), weassumed that after the crossing of green-leaved homozygoteAur + /Aur + and golden-leaved heterozygote Aur + /Aur we wouldobtain hybrids with the segregation ratio 1 green : 1 golden.From the propagation of golden-leaved parental lines weexpected the segregation ratio 1 green : 2 golden.The evaluation of segregation ratios in smaller progeniesfrom different combination crosses mostly suggested that thesegregation ratio 1:1 was actually realized (also according tothe chi-square test). However, when we started testing selectedhybrids on a larger scale, greater irregularities were found out.This is the reason why we decided to perform several testcrossings (both in hybrids and in their golden-leaved parentallines) that would help us to explain the irregularities. Theemphasis was laid on the achievement of maximum possiblegermination to avoid the distortion of segregation ratios (inthe previous tests we detected when we induced by ethylenethe germination of the seeds that did not want to germinatein normal conditions that we obtained only golden and lightyellow plantlets in the majority of cases).Testing of segregation ratios in hybrids. The results of testingsix hybrid progenies (Table 3) can roughly be divided intothree categories:hybrids with segregation ratio consistent with the expectedratio 1green:1goldenOnly one hybrid (No. 439) had the observed segregationratio fully consistent with expected ratio 1:1 in repeatedtests. Another three hybrids (No. 221, 338 and 246) hadthe segregation ratios close to the ratio 1:1. Their segregationratios 1:0.92 and 1:0.93 (reduction of golden heterozygotesby 7–8%) when 600 plants were tested is consistent with theratio 1:1 with P = 0.29–0.37.hybrids with segregation ratio significantly different from theexpected ratio 1green:1goldenHybrid No. 324 with segregation ratio 1:0.85 (reduction of goldenheterozygotes by 15%) is already among the problematic ones.In the number of 600 plants is the segregation ratio significantlydifferent from the segregation ratio 1:1 with P = 0.04.Table 3 Segregation of leaf colour in hybrid progenies from crossing of 5 heterozygous golden-leaved lines with homozygousgreen leaved lines of Pelargonium × hortorumHybrid nr.GoldenparentSownseedsGreenplantsAur + /Aur +ProgenyGoldenplantsAur + /AurTotalplantshybrid 439 (male 167) 300 150 150 300 0.00 1.00segregation ratio 1 1percentage 50 50 100hybrid 221 (male 22) 600 311 289 600 0.81 0.37segregation ratio 1 0,93percentage 51,8 48,2 100hybrid 338 (male 22) 600 313 287 600 1.13 0.29segregation ratio 1 0,92percentage 52,2 47,8 100hybrid 246 (female 243) 600 313 287 600 1.13 0.29segregation ratio 1 0,92percentage 52,2 47,8 100hybrid 324 (female 207) 600 325 275 600 4.17* 0.04segregation ratio 1 0,85percentage 54,2 45,8 100hybrid 405 (male 346) 600 381 219 600 43.74*** 0.001segregation ratio 1 0,57percentage 63,5 36,5 100*, *** – observed segregation ratio is not consistent with expected segregation ratio 1:1 1:1P21
Page 1 and 2: A C T AP R U H O N I C I A N A93 20
Page 3: OBSAHVliv různých forem železa a
Page 6 and 7: (Fe-EDDHA) je z dostupných slouče
Page 8 and 9: Tab. 3 Chemické vlastnosti substr
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Page 25 and 26: Table 7 Percent relative vitality o
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Page 33 and 34: Tab. 2 Vliv koncentrace NAA a cytok
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Page 40 and 41: Sorbus eximia - jeřáb krasovýSor
Page 42 and 43: lze nalézt habituálně nejlépe v
Page 44 and 45: 10 Čepel listů okrouhle vejčitá
Page 46 and 47: Základní taxonomické studium rod
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Page 50 and 51: ZÁVĚRYPinus neilreichiana je v l
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in Eastern Slovakia, on the border
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Table 2. Some genetic diversity par
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heterozygosity of 0.269. Also, Konn
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Acta Pruhoniciana 93: 77-82, Průho
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pólové jadrá. Davis (1966) uvád
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Obr. 17 P. spinosa (21. 4. 2009) -
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Na počátku pokusu měly všechny
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Tab. 9 Doronicum orientale ‘Leona
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Popis stanovištěDendrologická za
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Oenothera glazioviana O. erythrosep
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preference. Landscape and Urban Pla
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Tab. 1 Původ uloženého osivaDár
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Kapacita regeneračního procesu p
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u nás pěstují, prodávávají ne
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104Odrůda Šlechtitel Rok Skupina
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106Odrůda Šlechtitel Rok Skupina
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Výběr odrůd s uvedením cenných
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110
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Vědecký název Český název Če
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Hottonia palustris L. - žebratka b
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palustris Gaud. na Moravě. Diplomo
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na přírodním stanovišti. Uplatn
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také J. Holzbecher, J. Janouš a V
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Kultivar Hybridní skupina Původ B
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Horný, R., Soják, J., Webr, K. M.
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