Acta 93.indd - Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné ...

1 ******************************************************************************2 ************************ * ********************* *3 ************************ **4 ************** **************************** *9 ************** * ** *5 ****** * ***************** *********** *6 ****** ******** * * ** * * * *8 ********************* ****** * * ** * * * *7 **************************** ******** ***************************** *10 ********************************* **11 ******************************* *********************12 *********************** **********13 ************** ***********14 **************Fig. 2 Dendrogram based on matrices of genetic distances and showing genetic relationships between analyzed stands (Dendrogramodvodený z matrice genetických vzdialeností a znázorňujúci vzájomné vzťahy medzi analyzovanými populáciami jedle bielej)1 – Badín, primeval forest, adult trees2 – Badín, primeval forest, regenerants3 – Badín, managed stand, adult trees4 – Badín, managed stand, regenerants5 – Dobroč, primeval forest, adult trees6 – Dobroč, primeval forest, regenerants7 – Dobroč, managed stand, adult trees8 – Dobroč, managed stand, regenerants9 – Stužica, primeval forest, adult trees10 – Stužica, primeval forest, regenerants11 – Stužica, managed stand, adult trees12 – Stužica, managed stand, regenerants13 – Palota, managed stand, adult trees14 – Palota, managed stand, regenerantsthe primeval nad managed populations in Dobroč.Although the progenies in conifers are expected to be geneticallymore heterogeneous than maternal trees, the validity of thisphenomenon was confirmed in some populations only. Inparticular, it is true of the primeval and managed populationsof silver fir in Stužica as well as in the Dobroč primevalpopulation with higher proportions of cpDNA haplotypeA found in regenerants rather than in adult trees. The rest ofthe populations has however been characterized by the higherproportions of haplotype A in adult trees.Isoenzyme markers indicate an increased number ofpolymorphic loci and observed alleles in regenerants on thelocality Stužica only. As to the number of effective alleles andexpected heterozygosity, the higher values are characteristicfor the populations of adult trees. Most probably, a highergenetic diversity of those is due to negative selection operatingat the levels of seedlings and saplings. The damages caused bythe animals are supposed to be a major contributing factor.The last aspect of the presented study which has emergedfrom the experimental data concerns differentiation of silverfir populations on the territory of Slovakia. According toMüller-Starck et al. (1992) silver fir belongs among specieswith small and geographically disjunct ranges in Europeshowing great interpopulational differentiation and moderateintrapopulational genetic variation. The opposite opinion hasbeen expressed by Larsen (1989) who postulates insufficientgenetic variation in Central and North-eastern European firpopulations causing decline of the species in the area. Geneticdiversity parameters presented in this study corroborate ina varying degree the data of these and some other authors.A high degree of concordance has for example been found toexist between the data obtained by Mejnartowicz (2004) andour results concerning the proportion of polymorphic loci.In 16 populations of the East and West Carpathians with 14enzyme systems assayed, this characteristic averaged at 0.71as compared with the mean proportion of 0.73 polymorphicloci found in our populations. Based on 6 enzyme systems,Bergmann et al. (1990) give 0.5–0.6 proportions of theseloci for 17 silver fir populations from Bavaria and Austriaalong with the average number of 1.76 of observed allelesper locus. The latter characteristic was found to be muchhigher in our populations ranging between 1.57 and 2.42with average number of 2.01 alleles per locus. According toPaule et al. (2001) allelic richness of silver fir seems to be quiteregularly distributed over Carpathians and Herzynic range.The values range from 2.0 in the Ukrainian Carpathians to2.2 in the Northern and Central Slovakia. A relatively highdiscrepancy has emerged between our estimates of expectedheterozygosity and the corresponding values reported forSlovakian populations of silver fir by Longauer et al. (2003).We may only assume that the two-fold difference in averagevalues (0.110 vs 0.213) is due to the different enzyme systemsassayed. Our estimates averaging at 0.213 are comparablewith those provided by Mejnartowicz (2004) for theCarpathian populations of silver fir with a mean expected73