Title: Alternative Sweeteners

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Crystalline Fructose 389 • Subsequent lowering of RH, resulting in release of moisture, recrystallization, and sticking of adjacent crystals to one another A conditioned air system with RH 55% and a maximum temperature of 24°C is recommended for bulk handling crystalline fructose. Crystalline fructose is typically packaged and shipped to customers in 25-kg multiwall (foil-lined) bags, 600- and 1000-kg tote bags, and bulk railcar. Recommended storage conditions are RH 50% and 21°C. Fructose syrups, made by dissolving crystalline fructose in water, can be stored at 21–29°C. These pure fructose syrups may be held indefinitely with little likelihood of crystallization and are very stable microbially (1, 39). REFERENCES 1. LM Hanover. In: FW Schenck, RE Hebeda, eds. Starch Hydrolysis Products. New York, VCH Publishers, Inc., 1992. 2. KH Forsberg, L Hamalainen, AJ Melaja, JJ Virtanen. Suomen Sakeri Osakeyhtio, US 3,883,365, 1975. 3. R Tannahill. In: Food in History. Briarcliff Manor, NY, Stein & Day, 1973. 4. H Moskowitz. In: H Sipple, K McNutt, eds. Sugars in Nutrition. New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1974, pp 37–64. 5. JS White, DW Parke. Fructose adds variety to breakfast. Cereal Foods World 34: 392, 1989. 6. RS Shallenberger. Pure and Applied Chemistry. London, Pergamon Press Ltd., 1978. 7. L Hyvonen, P Varo, P Koivistonen. Tautomeric equilibria of d-glucose and dfructose. J Food Sci 42:657, 1977. 8. L Hyvonen. In: Varying Relative Sweetness. University of Helsinki EKT-546, 1980. 9. R Scott. Hoffmann-La Roche, Internal Report, Nutley, NJ, 1980, unpublished. 10. CK Batterman, ME Augustine, JR Dial. A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Sweetener composition, US 4,737,368, 1988. 11. CK Batterman, J Lambert. A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Synergistic sweetening composition, International Patent Publication WO88/08674, 1988. 12. P Van Tournout, J Pelgroms, J Van der Meerer. Sweetness evaluation of mixtures of fructose with saccharin, aspartame or acesulfame K. J Food Sci 50:469, 1985. 13. PK Beyts. Sweetening compositions. UK Patent Application GB2210545A, 1989. 14. L Hyvonen. Research Report. University of Helsinki, 1981. 15. L Johnson. unpublished report, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ, 1982. 16. MM Bean, WT Yamazak, DH Donelson. Wheat starch gelatinization in sugar solutions. II. Fructose, glucose and sucrose—cake performance. Cereal Chem 55(6): 945, 1978. 17. DC White, GN Lauer. Predicting gelatinization temperature of starch/sweetener systems for cake formulation by differential scanning calorimetry. I. Development of a model. Cereal Foods World, 35(8):728, 1990.
390 White and Osberger 18. AL Forbes, BA Bowman, eds. Health effects of dietary fructose. Supplement to Am J Clin Nutr 58:721S, 1993. 19. AM Ugolev, BZ Zaripov, NN Iezuitova, et al. A revision of current data and views on membrane hydrolysis and transport in the mammalian small intestine based on a comparison of techniques of chronic and acute experiments: experimental reinvestigation and critical review. Comp Biochem Physiol 85A:593, 1986. 20. JE Riby, T Fujisawa, N Kretchmer. Fructose absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 58:748S, 1993. 21. YK Park, EA Yetley. Intakes and food sources of fructose in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 58:737S, 1993. 22. PA Mayes. Intermediary metabolism of fructose. Am J Clin Nutr 58:754S, 1993. 23. H Mehnert. In: Handbuch des Diabetes Mellitus. Munich, J.F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1971. 24. PA Crapo, OG Kolterman, J, Olefsky. Effects of oral fructose in normal, diabetic and impaired glucose tolerance subjects. Diabetes Care 3:575, 1980. 25. J Talbot, K Fisher. The need for special foods and sugar substitutes by individuals with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1:231, 1978. 26. PM Gerrits, E Tsalikian. Diabetes and fructose metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 58: 796S, 1993. 27. AE Moyer, J Rodin. Fructose and behavior: does fructose influence food intake and macronutrient selection? Am J Clin Nutr 58:810S, 1993. 28. BW Craig. The influence of fructose feeding on physical performance. Am J Clin Nutr 58:815S, 1993. 29. DJA Jenkins, TMS Wolever, RH Taylor et al. Glycemic index of foods: A physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. AM J Clin Nutr 34:362, 1981. 30. P Crapo, J Scarlett, O Koltermann, et al. The effects of oral fructose, sucrose and glucose in subjects with reactive hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 5:512, 1982. 31. S Gardner. Special dietary foods. Federal Register 43:185, 1978. 32. T Osberger, H Linn. In: Low Calorie and Spec. Diet Foods. West Palm Beach, FL, CRC Press, 1978, pp. 115–123. 33. Anon. Fructose replaces glycerin in bakery fillings. Food Product Design 4(11):93, February, 1995. 34. SD Horton, GN Lauer, JS White. Predicting gelatinization temperature of starch/ sweetener systems for cake formulation by differential scanning calorimetry. I. Evaluation and application of a model. Cereal Foods World 35(8):734, 1990. 35. M Zimmermann. Fructose in the manufacture of dietetic chocolate. Manufact Confectioner 39, 1974. 36. Sweet Topic No. 35, Xyrofin, Baar, Switzerland, 1982. 37. U.S. Economic Research Service. Personal communication with Steve Haley, March 1999. 38. S Vuilleumier. Worldwide production of high-fructose syrup and crystalline fructose. Am J Clin Nutr 58:733S, 1993. 39. LM Hanover, JS White. Manufacturing, composition and applications of crystalline fructose. Am J Clin Nutr 58:724S, 1993. 40. Research Report. Finnish State Technical Research Center #A-6759-73, Helsinki, 1973.
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ISBN: 0-8247-0437-1 This book is pr
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iv Preface these sweeteners are bei
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vi Contents 7. Tagatose 105 Hans Be
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Contributors Sue E. Andress The Nut
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Contributors xi Carolyn M. Merkel M
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1 Alternative Sweeteners: An Overvi
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Overview 3 II. RELATIVE SWEETNESS P
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Overview 5 IV. INTERNATIONAL REGULA
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Overview 7 V. U.S. REGULATION OF SW
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Overview 9 General recognition of s
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Overview 11 the maximum dietary lev
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2 Acesulfame K Gert-Wolfhard von Ry
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Acesulfame K 15 Figure 3 Acesulfame
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Acesulfame K 17 Figure 4 Sweetness
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Acesulfame K 19 The acute oral toxi
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Acesulfame K 21 Table 2 Stability o
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Acesulfame K 23 were preferred over
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Acesulfame K 25 losses during bakin
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Acesulfame K 27 All methods describ
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Acesulfame K 29 24. Report of the S
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3 Alitame Michael H. Auerbach Danis
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Alitame 33 IV. SOLUBILITY At the is
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Alitame 35 Figure 3 Alitame and asp
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Alitame 37 Figure 5 Metabolism of a
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Alitame 39 autonomic, gastrointesti
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4 Aspartame Harriett H. Butchko, W.
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Aspartame 43 Figure 2 Principal con
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Aspartame 45 A wide range exists ov
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Aspartame 47 Figure 4 Dietary intak
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Aspartame 49 day for 60-kg adults (
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Aspartame 51 mood, and behavior (88
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Aspartame 53 VI. WORLDWIDE REGULATO
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Aspartame 55 30. A Bar, C Biermann.
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Aspartame 57 67. HH Butchko, C Tsch
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Aspartame 59 104. AF Stokes, A Belg
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Aspartame 61 144. D Squillacote. As
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64 Bopp and Price Figure 1 Structur
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66 Bopp and Price Table 1 Regulator
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68 Bopp and Price V. ADMIXTURE POTE
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70 Bopp and Price and thickeners (1
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72 Bopp and Price XII. METABOLISM C
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74 Bopp and Price sodium cyclamate
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76 Bopp and Price ied during the pa
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78 Bopp and Price the studies invol
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80 Bopp and Price 0.42 µg/ml and w
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82 Bopp and Price 4. U.S. Patent No
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84 Bopp and Price 48. SM Sieber, RH
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6 Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone Fra
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Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone 89 Fi
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Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone 91 Fi
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Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone 93 in
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Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone 95 ot
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Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone 97 Ta
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Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone 99 th
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Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone 101 c
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Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone 103 5
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7 Tagatose Hans Bertelsen and Søre
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Tagatose 107 the same type of Food
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Tagatose 109 in pigs according to m
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Tagatose 111 IV. USE OF D-TAGATOSE
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Tagatose 113 rinsing periods or dur
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Tagatose 115 anaerobic bacterial fe
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Tagatose 117 The intestines of both
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Tagatose 119 Table 1 Relative Sweet
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Tagatose 121 D. Hygroscopicity Taga
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Tagatose 123 Table 2 Heat of Soluti
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Tagatose 125 In conclusion, tagatos
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Tagatose 127 24. BB Jensen, B Buema
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130 Stargel et al. Figure 1 Compari
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132 Stargel et al. Figure 2 Matrix
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134 Stargel et al. ness of neotame
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136 Stargel et al. Figure 4 Taste p
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138 Stargel et al. Table 1 Solubili
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140 Stargel et al. study strains in
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142 Stargel et al. to 10,000 µg/pl
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144 Stargel et al. for general use
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9 Saccharin Ronald L. Pearson PMC S
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Saccharin 149 proved for use in the
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Saccharin 151 was added to sodium d
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Saccharin 153 Table 2 Economics of
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Saccharin 155 Table 4 Saccharin Adm
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Table 6 Flavor Profile and Cost Com
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Saccharin 159 Figure 5 Hydrolysis o
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Saccharin 161 malian repellant (52,
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Saccharin 163 REFERENCES 1. GE DuBo
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Saccharin 165 67. GP Schoenig, et a
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168 Kinghorn et al. herbarium speci
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170 Kinghorn et al. Figure 1 Struct
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172 Kinghorn et al. V. USE AND ADMI
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174 Kinghorn et al. sulting in the
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176 Kinghorn et al. Figure 2 Struct
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178 Kinghorn et al. iol administere
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180 Kinghorn et al. cus mutans, or
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182 Kinghorn et al. a natural sweet
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11 Sucralose Leslie A. Goldsmith an
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Sucralose 187 Figure 2 Sweeteness i
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Sucralose 189 cant difference was f
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Sucralose 191 fructose, and/or insu
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Sucralose 193 Figure 4 Sucralose so
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Sucralose 195 Figure 6 Viscosities
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Sucralose 197 Table 2 Sucralose Int
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Sucralose 199 tively, compared with
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Sucralose 201 Figure 10 Breakdown o
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Sucralose 203 Table 3 Percent Mass
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Sucralose 205 Table 4 Initial Appli
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Sucralose 207 4. Sucralose Safety A
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210 Kinghorn and Compadre establish
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212 Kinghorn and Compadre grosvenor
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214 Kinghorn and Compadre form. Phy
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216 Kinghorn and Compadre of the de
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218 Kinghorn and Compadre Figure 5
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226 Kinghorn and Compadre sweet tas
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230 Kinghorn and Compadre 5. O Tana
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232 Kinghorn and Compadre 41. S Nir
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13 Erythritol Milda E. Embuscado an
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Erythritol 237 The commercial produ
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Table 2 Properties of Erythritol Co
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Erythritol 241 used to obtain the d
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Erythritol 243 crose stabilized and
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Erythritol 245 Figure 4 (A) Rate of
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Table 6 Assessment Criteria for the
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Table 7 Summary of Pivotal Toxicity
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Erythritol 251 VI. FOOD AND PHARMAC
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Erythritol 253 5. C Servo, J Pabo,
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14 Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysates
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Figure 1 (a) Chemical structures fo
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Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysates an
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15 Isomalt Marie-Christel Wijers* P
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Isomalt 267 GPM depends on the isom
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Isomalt 269 IV. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PR
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Isomalt 271 temperature than sucros
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Isomalt 273 C. Diabetics A number o
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Isomalt 275 Figure 7 Changes in wei
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Isomalt 277 C. Chewing Gum Sticks,
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Isomalt 279 isomalt is significantl
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Isomalt 281 der Sorbit-Toleranz ges
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16 Maltitol Kazuaki Kato Towa Chemi
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Maltitol 285 Like the other polyols
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Maltitol 287 of shape over time), h
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Maltitol 289 results of this confer
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Maltitol 291 available on certain p
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Maltitol 293 Table 3 Worldwide Stat
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Maltitol 295 alcohol. Unpublished r
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298 Mesters et al. Figure 1 The che
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300 Mesters et al. rium and equal m
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302 Mesters et al. sugars are then
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304 Mesters et al. Figure 2 Telemet
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306 Mesters et al. Figure 3 Moistur
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308 Mesters et al. Figure 6 Viscosi
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310 Mesters et al. tose are the mai
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312 Mesters et al. Figure 8 The wat
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314 Mesters et al. food containing
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18 Sorbitol and Mannitol Anh S. Le
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Sorbitol and Mannitol 319 Figure 2
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Table 1 Physical Properties of the
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Sorbitol and Mannitol 323 Figure 4
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Sorbitol and Mannitol 325 bases are
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Sorbitol and Mannitol 327 is used a
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Sorbitol and Mannitol 329 ‘‘cap
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Sorbitol and Mannitol 331 that mann
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Sorbitol and Mannitol 333 Mannitol
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19 Xylitol Philip M. Olinger Polyol
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Xylitol 337 Milled forms of xylitol
Page 352 and 353: Xylitol 339 Table 2 Solubility of S
Page 354 and 355: Xylitol 341 tol in a fluoride tooth
Page 356 and 357: Xylitol 343 The recognition of xyli
Page 358 and 359: Xylitol 345 tion of the availabilit
Page 360 and 361: Xylitol 347 grow and metabolize opt
Page 362 and 363: Xylitol 349 VIII. USE OF XYLITOL AS
Page 364 and 365: Xylitol 351 IX. USE OF XYLITOL IN P
Page 366 and 367: Xylitol 353 Human tolerance of high
Page 368 and 369: Xylitol 355 29. CS Gong, TA Claypoo
Page 370 and 371: Xylitol 357 71. JDB Featherstone, T
Page 372 and 373: Xylitol 359 112. JS Van der Hoeven.
Page 374 and 375: Xylitol 361 tans omz 176 by xylitol
Page 376 and 377: Xylitol 363 BL Horecker, K Lang, Y
Page 378: Xylitol 365 of Certain Food Additiv
Page 381 and 382: 368 White and Osberger II. MANUFACT
Page 383 and 384: 370 White and Osberger scribe impro
Page 385 and 386: 372 White and Osberger Figure 1 Cyc
Page 387 and 388: 374 White and Osberger When asparta
Page 389 and 390: 376 White and Osberger Table 5 Temp
Page 391 and 392: 378 White and Osberger Figure 3 Met
Page 393 and 394: 380 White and Osberger Figure 5 Com
Page 395 and 396: 382 White and Osberger Table 6 Glyc
Page 397 and 398: 384 White and Osberger Table 8 Low-
Page 399 and 400: 386 White and Osberger F. Confectio
Page 401: 388 White and Osberger In 1993, Vui
Page 405 and 406: 392 Buck Table 1 Market Division be
Page 407 and 408: 394 Buck Table 3 World HFS Consumpt
Page 409 and 410: 396 Buck Figure 3 Production of 42%
Page 411 and 412: 398 Buck Table 4 Typical Characteri
Page 413 and 414: 400 Buck Table 5 Effect of Temperat
Page 415 and 416: 402 Buck Table 7 International Soci
Page 417 and 418: 404 Buck Because of the high purity
Page 419 and 420: 406 Buck VII. APPLICATIONS HFCS rep
Page 421 and 422: 408 Buck is a benefit and in other
Page 423 and 424: 410 Buck 1986. This evaluation conc
Page 426 and 427: 22 Isomaltulose William E. Irwin* P
Page 428 and 429: Isomaltulose 415 Figure 2 Isosweet
Page 430 and 431: Isomaltulose 417 Figure 3 Solubilit
Page 432 and 433: Isomaltulose 419 Figure 6 Plasma in
Page 434: Isomaltulose 421 6. Dreissig VW, Lu
Page 437 and 438: 424 Richards and Dexter various pla
Page 439 and 440: 426 Richards and Dexter from assays
Page 441 and 442: 428 Richards and Dexter desiccation
Page 443 and 444: 430 Richards and Dexter 2. Taste Qu
Page 445 and 446: 432 Richards and Dexter parative da
Page 447 and 448: 434 Richards and Dexter Table 3 Com
Page 449 and 450: 436 Richards and Dexter dissipate t
Page 451 and 452: 438 Richards and Dexter unpublished
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440 Richards and Dexter IX. SHELF-L
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Figure 7 Egg white (95 g) was mixed
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444 Richards and Dexter Figure 10 B
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446 Richards and Dexter Figure 12 O
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448 Richards and Dexter Figure 14 T
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450 Richards and Dexter XIII. CARIO
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452 Richards and Dexter tions was s
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454 Richards and Dexter activity, a
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456 Richards and Dexter E. 14-day T
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458 Richards and Dexter 3. J Leibow
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460 Richards and Dexter 41. LM Crow
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24 Mixed Sweetener Functionality Ab
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Mixed Sweetener Functionality 465 2
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Mixed Sweetener Functionality 467 T
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Mixed Sweetener Functionality 471 F
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Mixed Sweetener Functionality 479 I
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25 Aspartame-Acesulfame: Twinsweet
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Aspartame-Acesulfame: Twinsweet 483
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26 Polydextrose Helen Mitchell Dani
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Polydextrose 501 Table 1 Approximat
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Polydextrose 503 at 25°C. Polydext
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Polydextrose 505 Figure 4 Hygroscop
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Polydextrose 507 Table 5 Functional
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Polydextrose 509 F. Fiber Polydextr
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Polydextrose 511 providing bulk, mo
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Polydextrose 513 H. Soft Candy The
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Polydextrose 515 B. International T
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Polydextrose 517 chemical and econo
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520 Deis I. FAT IS ESSENTIAL AND FU
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522 Deis Figure 1 Ingredient suppor
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524 Deis binding water, thus provid
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526 Deis The U.S. Department of Agr
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528 Deis stabilizer, thickener, or
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530 Deis mouth feel and rate of gel
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532 Deis Figure 4 Structure of glyc
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534 Deis Table 4 General Categories
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536 Deis ninths of the fat availabl
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538 Deis the same function in all f
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540 Deis 28. Anon. Glycerine: like
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542 Index [Alitame] solubility, 33
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544 Index [Erythritol] gastrointest
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546 Index [High fructose corn syrup
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548 Index Mogrosides, 211-213 prope
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550 Index [Polyols] isomalt, 265-28
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552 Index [Sucralose] safety, 189-1
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