The Upper Tisa Valley. Preparatory proposal for Ramsay

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which is situated on the border zone of the Transsylvanian Mountains and the eastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain (Fig.3). A process of subsidence, more intense than ever before, started in the Szatmár- Bereg Plain during the Late Pleistocene (Sümeghy, 1944). As a consequence of the subsidence, a completely new network of watercourses developed, which, in the course of their erosion and deposition, transformed the sinking area into floodplains. This subsidence was, for a time, counterbalanced by the aggradational work of the river. In the middle pleniglacial period River Tisa leaving the Ér-valley meandered over the area of the Szatmár-Bereg Plain from north to south (Fig.4.). Thus, changes of the riverbeds were frequent (Borsy, 1995, Borsy and Félegyházi, 1983) in this plain (Fig.5.). In the Szatmár-Bereg Plain the levees and river channels had an important role in sediment formation as well as in the evolution of swamps and areas with bad outlet. One of the most important peat bog areas, which is a nature protection area called "Nyíres-lake", can be found in an infilled river channel at Csaroda village in the Bereg plain. This paper presents the results of a interdisciplinary study, whose principal aims were to examine the long-term relationship between land degradation and human activity. This paper shows the evolution of a natural environment in the Csaroda region of northeastern Hungary, using various palaeo-ecological techniques, from the late-glacial to Middle Age. In conjunction with a detailed review of regional archaeological data, these results detail for the first time the long-term relationship between different prehistoric cultures, technologies and the degradation of the northeastern Hungarian landscape. Chronological and palaeo-ecological investigation of the sedimentological sequence of “Nyíres” lake at Csaroda 174 Site description The Nyíres-lake (48º 22” N and 22º 30” E) is situated in the Tiszahát region, near the margin of the Great Hungarian Plain, approximately 11 km from the Hungarian-Ukrainian border. The Tiszahát is the northeastern region of the Great Hungarian Plain, a small region occupying cca. 500 km2 of the Carpathian Basin. This lake basin is a development of the Tisa riverbed and represents an infilled oxbow lake of clay and organic matter, overlain with fluvial sand. The present vegetation of the Nyíres-lake consists of Sphagnum bog and stands of Betula pubescens. Inwards the peat-bog the vegetation is dominated by Eriophorum vaginatum - Menyanthes trifoliata - Vaccinium oxycoccus –Drosera rotundifolia – Comarum palustre plants mixed with Sphagnum species, whilst on the edge Dryopteridi - Alnetum association with Thelypteris palustris, and Calamagrosti - Salicetum cinereae association with Betula pubescens have developed (Simon, 1960). Scripo-Phragmitetum association with Glyceria maxima encircles the Sphagnum bog. Oak-ash-elm (Quercus robur - Fraxinus excelsior – Ulmus campestris) gallery forests are found in the levee zone, which are the highest elevations of the peat-bog areas.
Fig.1. The geographical region within the Nyírség region of northeastern Hungary. Fig.2. Tendencies of alluvial fan evolution in the Great Hungarian Plain (based on Borsy, 1995). 1. The part of Lower Pleistocen alluvial fan exposed on the surface, 2. The part of Middle Pleistocen alluvial fan exposed on the surface, 3. The alluvial fan built until the Upper Pleistocene, 4. The alluvial fan built until the begging of the Würm, 5. Alluvial fans built until the middle of the Würm, 6. The alluvial fan built until the begging of the upper periglacial period, 7. The alluvial fan built until late glacial time. 175
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TISCIA monograph series The Upper T
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TISCIA monograph series 1. J. Hamar
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The Upper Tisa Valley Preparatory p
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Foreword The basic obligations of t
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The Upper Tisa Valley Preparatory p
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Date: September 28, 1998 Country: U
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River Chorna Tisa rises in the nort
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formed here, which, along with the
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«Radyansky Karpaty» - a forest re
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- the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
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Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nig
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S. fluviatilis Wallb. S. fuchsii Gm
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Phyteuma orbiculare l. Ph. spicatum
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E. intersita Zinserl. E. palustris
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Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schr
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Marsileaceae Marsilea quadrifolia L
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Phleum alpinum L. Ph. hirsutum Honc
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A. subcrenata Bus. A. szaferi Pawl.
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Rh. serotinus (Schoenh.) Oborny Rh.
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Epilobietalia fleischeri Moor 58 Ep
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Caricion gracilis Neuhäusl 59 em.
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Alysso-Sedetalia Moravec 67 Alysso
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Piceetalia excelsae Pawłowski in P
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are mainly useful, since they consu
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52 area, categorized as oligothroph
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Physical features: within the bound
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The depth of River Tisa is 1.8 - 2.
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forests. Today these forests are in
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As to the fishes, 33 species have b
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Lasting until the end of December t
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Works of consolidation were no long
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- Scientists (researchers, museum s
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-the mayoralties of Remeţi, Săpâ
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Appendix List of Vertebrates Confir
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Columba palumbus palumbus (L.) 1758
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Calidris minuta (Leisl.) 1812 - Lit
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Chart 8. Ligneous Plants from the U
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Date: September 23, 1996 Country: U
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Down from the town of Hust River Ti
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island forests and basins attached
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of that flood. A furniture factory
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programme, in accordance with which
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Krocsko Gy. - Krocsko L.: Leafy for
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Pisces Acipenseridae Salmonidae Thy
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A. albifrons Scop. Pica pica L. A.
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Conservation measures Characteristi
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Carpathians’ fauna: its present s
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Physical features: The site is a ba
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102 Agriculture, mainly with fast-g
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Date: October 20, 1996 Country: Hun
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Salix eleagnos Iris pseudacorus Leu
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Current scientific research and fac
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112 represented by subcontinental c
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Current recreation and tourism: The
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116 The amount of yearly precipitat
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118 References: BOGOLY, J.: Király
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120 incision characteristics, with
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122 Agriculture, mainly with fast-g
Page 127: The Upper Tisa Valley Ecological ba
Page 130 and 131: 128 Figure 1
Page 132 and 133: Site 3 Situated on River Bila Tisa,
Page 134 and 135: Table 1. Median grain size of sedim
Page 137 and 138: Hydrogeographical features of the U
Page 139 and 140: Figure 2 A schematic geological map
Page 141 and 142: Basin filled with Tertiary layers.
Page 143 and 144: their mass is concerned, because th
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6. Schematic valley length s
Page 147 and 148: Figure 8. Distribution of precipita
Page 149 and 150: Figure 10 Annual mean values of pre
Page 151 and 152: Figure 12 Monthly mean values of pr
Page 153 and 154: turn, may cause inestimable floodin
Page 155 and 156: Figure 14. A map of the density of
Page 157 and 158: Figure 15 The catchment area of Riv
Page 159 and 160: Figure 16 Terraces of the mountain-
Page 161 and 162: Anyhow, terraces are important comp
Page 163 and 164: Figure 17 A schematic delineation o
Page 165 and 166: high hilly region. Its rock composi
Page 167 and 168: Figure 18 Changes of the beds of Ri
Page 169 and 170: Figure 20. Average potential evapot
Page 171 and 172: Figure 21. Forest cover of the Uppe
Page 173 and 174: The floristic distribution of the v
Page 175: Reconstruction of flora, soil and l
Page 179 and 180: The climate in this region has a st
Page 181 and 182: Fig.6. Location of coring site, Csa
Page 183 and 184: The next sediment layer is 298-234
Page 185 and 186: Fig.7B. Physical characteristics an
Page 187 and 188: other hand the low Sr:Ba ratio indi
Page 189 and 190: after approximately 9200 BP. The sp
Page 191 and 192: Radiocarbon analysis Four evenly sp
Page 193 and 194: Fig.9. Percentage pollen and charco
Page 195 and 196: Fig.10. Archaeological findspots ar
Page 197 and 198: Fig.11. Archaeological findspots ar
Page 199 and 200: Fig.12. Fig.10. Archaeological find
Page 201 and 202: Quercus/Ulmus/Corylus/Tilia/Fraxinu
Page 203 and 204: Edwards, K.J. 1982: Man, space and
Page 205 and 206: Sherratt, A. 1982a: The development
Page 207 and 208: Appeal to the participants of the S
Page 209 and 210: Conception for the regeneration of
Page 211 and 212: Grounds for Application The crisis-
Page 213: Table 2. Carpathian Forest Research
Page 216 and 217: from the Carpathian Biosphere Reser
Page 218 and 219: Tisa, especially in the dead branch
Page 220 and 221: Marsileaceae 7. Marsilea quadrifoli
Page 222 and 223: 61. Saxifraga stellaris L.; BT (32)
Page 224 and 225: 114. Andromeda polifolia L.;CT (!);
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158. Sambucus ebulus L.;UT (11); H,
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210. Iris sibirica L.; UT (28,32);
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266. Carex davalliana Sm.; BT (32,!
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Isoëto-nanojuncetea Br. -Bl. et Tx
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68. Frangulo-Salicetum cinereae Mal
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(P. 8.) Equisetum arvense L. 1753,
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(50) Ranunculus sardous Cr. 1763, H
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(231) Rosa afzeliana = dumalis Bech
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(395) Lathyrus tuberosus L. 1753, H
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(463) Parthenocissus inserta (Kern.
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(573) Galium mollugo L. 1753 et. G.
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Callitrichaceae (686) Callitriche p
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(784) Prunella vulgaris L. 1753, HT
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(894) Veronica prostrata L. 1753, H
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(1079) Rorippa X astylis (Rchb. 183
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(1222) Pulicaria dysenterica (L. 17
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(1385) Mycelis muralis (L. 1753 sub
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(1544) Chenopodium strictum Roth 18
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260 Salicetum triandrae, Glycyrrhiz
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(1730) Allium oleraceum L. 1753, HT
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(1903) Carex praecox Schreb. 1771,
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ass., Bidentetea, Echinochloo-Polyg
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- Lemno-spirodeletum W. Koch 1954,
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- Rudbeckio-Solidaginetum Tx. et Ra
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Simon, T. (1952): Montán elemek az
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etc.), H. Zapalowicz (1889; etc.),
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Figure1. Map of studied area 276 Re
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Alps. This index is twice as low fo
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B. virginianum (B. virginianum subs
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F.drymeja (F. montana) - RRL (IV) F
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Myricaria germanica (Tamarix german
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S. hispanicum (S. glaucum) - RRL (I
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Salicetum retuso-reticulatae Br.-Bl
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Domin, K. (1929 -1931): Schedae ad
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Stojko, S.- Hadaè, E.- Simon, T.-
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side tributaries of River Tisa (spe
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forests and all along the riverbed
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Porphyrellus pseudoscaber (Secr.) S
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mushrooms of the Upper Lăpuş) - T
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302
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304
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306
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Water developments and their impact
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Solovka and elsewhere with over 40
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ing dyke. Further flood defences ar
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Figure 3. The Tur/Túr catchment, f
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The impacts of the Călineşti Oaş
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Figure 5. The Crasna/Kraszna catchm
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Reservoirs Following the large floo
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Figure 7. Increase of the annual mi
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Climate and hydrology are influence
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long and 23 m high consists of a 11
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the ratio of the monthly highest an
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Groundwaters From the viewpoint of
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e wider than 100 fold (Figure 12.).
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water. The levels of total nitrogen
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the 1993 December flood on the Uppe
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Chemical water quality of the upper
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General features Results and evalua
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Figure 7. Concentrations of differe
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Figure 10. Iron and manganese conce
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Table 2. Besides aluminium and merc
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Hygienic bacteriological valuation
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Table 2. Results of the bacteriolog
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References Csépai F.(1995): Data o
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356 Material and methods Samples we
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358 References Ádámosi et al. (19
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Table 1. continued 360
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During the summer and autumn journe
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Hungarian area of River Tisa 80 spe
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Table 3. Average hydrobiological pa
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Table 5. Average hydrobiological pa
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It is necessary to note that it is
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Table 7. Saprobiological characteri
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In practice, results of classificat
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conservation of the Carpathians bio
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Table 1. continue 378
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Table 1. continue 382 Notes: Pl - p
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with stagnant water, which were ass
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Monchenko V.I. (1983): Noviye dlia
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Table continue 388
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Table continue 390
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Zooplankton investigations in the U
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Fig. 1. Number of Rotatoria species
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References Bancsi I. 1986.: A kerek
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402 Figure 1. Sampling places
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The species richness of chironomids
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A study of aquatic molluscs in the
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Table 1. Distribution of mollusc sp
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Some considerations about the rheop
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The main types of benthic associati
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The high flood of the waters in the
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References Barbosa, F.A.R., Găldea
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421
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423
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1998). Besides, Ujhelyi (1971) also
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Table 1. (B) Synopsis of the Tricho
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432 1. Distribution of some species
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Figure 3. Activity graph of six cad
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436 3. Transformation of Trichopter
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Fish fauna of the Upper Tisa Ákos
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Fam. Acipenseridae 2. Ship Acipense
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We observed this species downstream
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Fam. Siluridae 43. Sheatfish Siluru
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57. Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus (Li
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In addition to zonation, another si
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River Danube which is probaly why t
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Table: Fishes of the Upper Tisa 453
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Data to the fish fauna of River Tis
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were put back to the water after id
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600. - Tisza-Gravel-pit pond (Milot
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Szamos (Vásárosnamény): 05.07.19
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31. Pseudorasbora parva Schlegel, 1
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46. Salmo trutta m. fario Linnaeus,
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56. Zingel zingel Linnaeus, 1758 Sz
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Dévai, Gy., Miskolczi, M., Tóth,
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Biogeographical characterisation of
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in the lack of sufficient data abou
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on the flood plain. In Bagiszeg Per
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References Bába K. (1969): Die Mal
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480 Carychium minimum (Müller, 177
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Thus, based on staying vs. migratin
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484 Table1. Species composition and
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486 Table 1. continue
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Vertebrates of the Subcarpathian se
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are active from March to November.
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Mammals/Mammalia Insectivores/Insec
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are active at nightfall and at nigh
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Artiodactyla. The roebuck sheds its
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newly planted forests and nurseries
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Contents Preface...................
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The Upper Tisa Valley. Preparatory proposal for Ramsay

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