The Upper Tisa Valley. Preparatory proposal for Ramsay

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support our initiative to restore the upper forest boundary, first in the Transcarpathian Region, and then in the whole Carpathian mountain system. We hope for the assistance of world forestland ecological sciences, ecological and environmental foundations, for earmarking the finances for designing and surveying work as well as for material and technical support of the project on the upper forest boundary recovery. We hope that the problem of upper forest boundary recovery in the Carpathians will be recognised among the universal problems of balanced approach to global environment, and that it will find scientific and financial support. On behalf of the Seminar participants: Head of the working group of the International Seminar of experts on the expedience of upper forest boundary recovery in the Carpathians. 206 I. Pecher Transcarpathian Regional State Department of Forestry Uzhgorod, Ukraine S. Stoiko, Prof. Scientific Secretary-Co-ordinator Lviv, Ukraine U. Kichura, Cand. of Agr. Sc. Section of Forestry Department Uzhgorod, Ukraine
Conception for the regeneration of the upper forest boundary and for the optimisation of hydrological regimes in the Ukrainian Carpathians, 1997 Problem outlines River Tisa is the longest left-side tributary of River Danube, the second longest river in Hungary. It is of great importance for water transportation, its water is used for the irrigation of agricultural lands in Hungary and Yugoslavia, and as a water source for navigable channels. The total length of River Tisa is 966 km, its length within the boundaries of the region is 223 km. Its total drainage area is l56.400 km2, out of which 12.760 km2 (about 8.1%) are within the region. However, 30.6% of the main drainage volume originates from this area, which is approximately 8 km3, or 625 mm, per year. The formation of one third of the total drainage in only 8% of the drainage area proves that the water conservation function of the river is of great importance. This feature of the drainage area is caused by its hilly relief and the considerable amount of precipitation in the mountains. (If the average amount of precipitation in the piedmont is 600 to 800 mm, in the mountains it is 1000 to 1600 mm per year). According to data reported by M. A.Golubets (1988), the woodedness of the Carpathian drainage area before human interference started was 95% or even more. This was the main condition for theregularity of the river drainage, and for the balanced water regime of the mountain slopes. At present, woodedness in the Transcarpathian region amounts 51.6%. Careless forest management (both felling and reforestation) has resulted in decreasing biological stability and water regulating functions of the forest drainage area ecosystems, which was displayed in outbreaks of mass pest invasion and fungal diseases, in windfalls, floods and avalanches, and in the alluviation of rivers due to soil erosion. From 1877 to 1933 there were 4 disastrous floods, with the average period between them being 18 years, while from 1933 to 1964 they began to repeat every 3-4 years. At present floods disturb us every other year, if not every year. Human casualties, of course, are a price which can no way be compensated. The general weakening of forest ecosystems is aggravated by the global industrial atmospheric pollution. In addition to the tangible decrease of woodedness, ecological problems also originate from the age structure shift of woods in the direction towards rejuvenation, from the increase of secondary tree stand ratio, the general decrease of the density of mature and maturing stands, the considerable descent of the upper forest boundary, and the destruction of highland shrub vegetation. Thus, we suggest that the main cause of the crisis situation is the critical decrease of the level of woodedness, the misbalance of the forest stand age structure, the composition, variety and the extension of forests in relation to the size of the river 207
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TISCIA monograph series The Upper T
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TISCIA monograph series 1. J. Hamar
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The Upper Tisa Valley Preparatory p
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Foreword The basic obligations of t
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The Upper Tisa Valley Preparatory p
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Date: September 28, 1998 Country: U
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River Chorna Tisa rises in the nort
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formed here, which, along with the
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«Radyansky Karpaty» - a forest re
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- the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
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Aspleniaceae Asplenium adiantum-nig
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S. fluviatilis Wallb. S. fuchsii Gm
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Phyteuma orbiculare l. Ph. spicatum
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E. intersita Zinserl. E. palustris
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Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schr
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Marsileaceae Marsilea quadrifolia L
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Phleum alpinum L. Ph. hirsutum Honc
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A. subcrenata Bus. A. szaferi Pawl.
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Rh. serotinus (Schoenh.) Oborny Rh.
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Epilobietalia fleischeri Moor 58 Ep
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Caricion gracilis Neuhäusl 59 em.
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Alysso-Sedetalia Moravec 67 Alysso
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Piceetalia excelsae Pawłowski in P
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are mainly useful, since they consu
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52 area, categorized as oligothroph
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Physical features: within the bound
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The depth of River Tisa is 1.8 - 2.
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forests. Today these forests are in
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As to the fishes, 33 species have b
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Lasting until the end of December t
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Works of consolidation were no long
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- Scientists (researchers, museum s
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-the mayoralties of Remeţi, Săpâ
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Appendix List of Vertebrates Confir
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Columba palumbus palumbus (L.) 1758
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Calidris minuta (Leisl.) 1812 - Lit
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Chart 8. Ligneous Plants from the U
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Date: September 23, 1996 Country: U
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Down from the town of Hust River Ti
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island forests and basins attached
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of that flood. A furniture factory
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programme, in accordance with which
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Krocsko Gy. - Krocsko L.: Leafy for
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Pisces Acipenseridae Salmonidae Thy
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A. albifrons Scop. Pica pica L. A.
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Conservation measures Characteristi
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Carpathians’ fauna: its present s
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Physical features: The site is a ba
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102 Agriculture, mainly with fast-g
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Date: October 20, 1996 Country: Hun
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Salix eleagnos Iris pseudacorus Leu
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Current scientific research and fac
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112 represented by subcontinental c
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Current recreation and tourism: The
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116 The amount of yearly precipitat
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118 References: BOGOLY, J.: Király
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120 incision characteristics, with
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122 Agriculture, mainly with fast-g
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The Upper Tisa Valley Ecological ba
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128 Figure 1
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Site 3 Situated on River Bila Tisa,
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Table 1. Median grain size of sedim
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Hydrogeographical features of the U
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Figure 2 A schematic geological map
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Basin filled with Tertiary layers.
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their mass is concerned, because th
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Figure 6. Schematic valley length s
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Figure 8. Distribution of precipita
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Figure 10 Annual mean values of pre
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Figure 12 Monthly mean values of pr
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turn, may cause inestimable floodin
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Figure 14. A map of the density of
Page 157 and 158: Figure 15 The catchment area of Riv
Page 159 and 160: Figure 16 Terraces of the mountain-
Page 161 and 162: Anyhow, terraces are important comp
Page 163 and 164: Figure 17 A schematic delineation o
Page 165 and 166: high hilly region. Its rock composi
Page 167 and 168: Figure 18 Changes of the beds of Ri
Page 169 and 170: Figure 20. Average potential evapot
Page 171 and 172: Figure 21. Forest cover of the Uppe
Page 173 and 174: The floristic distribution of the v
Page 175 and 176: Reconstruction of flora, soil and l
Page 177 and 178: Fig.1. The geographical region with
Page 179 and 180: The climate in this region has a st
Page 181 and 182: Fig.6. Location of coring site, Csa
Page 183 and 184: The next sediment layer is 298-234
Page 185 and 186: Fig.7B. Physical characteristics an
Page 187 and 188: other hand the low Sr:Ba ratio indi
Page 189 and 190: after approximately 9200 BP. The sp
Page 191 and 192: Radiocarbon analysis Four evenly sp
Page 193 and 194: Fig.9. Percentage pollen and charco
Page 195 and 196: Fig.10. Archaeological findspots ar
Page 197 and 198: Fig.11. Archaeological findspots ar
Page 199 and 200: Fig.12. Fig.10. Archaeological find
Page 201 and 202: Quercus/Ulmus/Corylus/Tilia/Fraxinu
Page 203 and 204: Edwards, K.J. 1982: Man, space and
Page 205 and 206: Sherratt, A. 1982a: The development
Page 207: Appeal to the participants of the S
Page 211 and 212: Grounds for Application The crisis-
Page 213: Table 2. Carpathian Forest Research
Page 216 and 217: from the Carpathian Biosphere Reser
Page 218 and 219: Tisa, especially in the dead branch
Page 220 and 221: Marsileaceae 7. Marsilea quadrifoli
Page 222 and 223: 61. Saxifraga stellaris L.; BT (32)
Page 224 and 225: 114. Andromeda polifolia L.;CT (!);
Page 226 and 227: 158. Sambucus ebulus L.;UT (11); H,
Page 228 and 229: 210. Iris sibirica L.; UT (28,32);
Page 230 and 231: 266. Carex davalliana Sm.; BT (32,!
Page 232 and 233: Isoëto-nanojuncetea Br. -Bl. et Tx
Page 234 and 235: 68. Frangulo-Salicetum cinereae Mal
Page 236 and 237: (P. 8.) Equisetum arvense L. 1753,
Page 238 and 239: (50) Ranunculus sardous Cr. 1763, H
Page 240 and 241: (231) Rosa afzeliana = dumalis Bech
Page 242 and 243: (395) Lathyrus tuberosus L. 1753, H
Page 244 and 245: (463) Parthenocissus inserta (Kern.
Page 246 and 247: (573) Galium mollugo L. 1753 et. G.
Page 248 and 249: Callitrichaceae (686) Callitriche p
Page 250 and 251: (784) Prunella vulgaris L. 1753, HT
Page 252 and 253: (894) Veronica prostrata L. 1753, H
Page 254 and 255: (1079) Rorippa X astylis (Rchb. 183
Page 256 and 257: (1222) Pulicaria dysenterica (L. 17
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(1385) Mycelis muralis (L. 1753 sub
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(1544) Chenopodium strictum Roth 18
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260 Salicetum triandrae, Glycyrrhiz
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(1730) Allium oleraceum L. 1753, HT
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(1903) Carex praecox Schreb. 1771,
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ass., Bidentetea, Echinochloo-Polyg
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- Lemno-spirodeletum W. Koch 1954,
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- Rudbeckio-Solidaginetum Tx. et Ra
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Simon, T. (1952): Montán elemek az
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etc.), H. Zapalowicz (1889; etc.),
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Figure1. Map of studied area 276 Re
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Alps. This index is twice as low fo
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B. virginianum (B. virginianum subs
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F.drymeja (F. montana) - RRL (IV) F
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Myricaria germanica (Tamarix german
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S. hispanicum (S. glaucum) - RRL (I
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Salicetum retuso-reticulatae Br.-Bl
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Domin, K. (1929 -1931): Schedae ad
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Stojko, S.- Hadaè, E.- Simon, T.-
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side tributaries of River Tisa (spe
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forests and all along the riverbed
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Porphyrellus pseudoscaber (Secr.) S
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mushrooms of the Upper Lăpuş) - T
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302
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304
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306
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Water developments and their impact
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Solovka and elsewhere with over 40
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ing dyke. Further flood defences ar
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Figure 3. The Tur/Túr catchment, f
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The impacts of the Călineşti Oaş
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Figure 5. The Crasna/Kraszna catchm
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Reservoirs Following the large floo
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Figure 7. Increase of the annual mi
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Climate and hydrology are influence
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long and 23 m high consists of a 11
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the ratio of the monthly highest an
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Groundwaters From the viewpoint of
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e wider than 100 fold (Figure 12.).
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water. The levels of total nitrogen
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the 1993 December flood on the Uppe
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Chemical water quality of the upper
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General features Results and evalua
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Figure 7. Concentrations of differe
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Figure 10. Iron and manganese conce
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Table 2. Besides aluminium and merc
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Hygienic bacteriological valuation
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Table 2. Results of the bacteriolog
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References Csépai F.(1995): Data o
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356 Material and methods Samples we
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358 References Ádámosi et al. (19
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Table 1. continued 360
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During the summer and autumn journe
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Hungarian area of River Tisa 80 spe
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Table 3. Average hydrobiological pa
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Table 5. Average hydrobiological pa
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It is necessary to note that it is
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Table 7. Saprobiological characteri
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In practice, results of classificat
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conservation of the Carpathians bio
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Table 1. continue 378
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Table 1. continue 382 Notes: Pl - p
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with stagnant water, which were ass
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Monchenko V.I. (1983): Noviye dlia
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Table continue 388
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Table continue 390
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Zooplankton investigations in the U
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Fig. 1. Number of Rotatoria species
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References Bancsi I. 1986.: A kerek
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402 Figure 1. Sampling places
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The species richness of chironomids
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A study of aquatic molluscs in the
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Table 1. Distribution of mollusc sp
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Some considerations about the rheop
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The main types of benthic associati
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The high flood of the waters in the
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References Barbosa, F.A.R., Găldea
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421
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423
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1998). Besides, Ujhelyi (1971) also
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Table 1. (B) Synopsis of the Tricho
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432 1. Distribution of some species
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Figure 3. Activity graph of six cad
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436 3. Transformation of Trichopter
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Fish fauna of the Upper Tisa Ákos
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Fam. Acipenseridae 2. Ship Acipense
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We observed this species downstream
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Fam. Siluridae 43. Sheatfish Siluru
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57. Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus (Li
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In addition to zonation, another si
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River Danube which is probaly why t
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Table: Fishes of the Upper Tisa 453
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Data to the fish fauna of River Tis
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were put back to the water after id
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600. - Tisza-Gravel-pit pond (Milot
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Szamos (Vásárosnamény): 05.07.19
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31. Pseudorasbora parva Schlegel, 1
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46. Salmo trutta m. fario Linnaeus,
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56. Zingel zingel Linnaeus, 1758 Sz
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Dévai, Gy., Miskolczi, M., Tóth,
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Biogeographical characterisation of
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in the lack of sufficient data abou
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on the flood plain. In Bagiszeg Per
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References Bába K. (1969): Die Mal
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480 Carychium minimum (Müller, 177
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Thus, based on staying vs. migratin
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484 Table1. Species composition and
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486 Table 1. continue
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Vertebrates of the Subcarpathian se
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are active from March to November.
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Mammals/Mammalia Insectivores/Insec
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are active at nightfall and at nigh
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Artiodactyla. The roebuck sheds its
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newly planted forests and nurseries
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Contents Preface...................
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The Upper Tisa Valley. Preparatory proposal for Ramsay

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