What is HIV and AIDS?

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etween socializing and alcohol use; by the frequency of drug abuse, including injection; and by the number of predominantly male occupations that entail migration and thus disrupt family life (Balaquit, 2007). Gender in China “Women hold up half the sky” Mao Zedong The World Bank stated in its 2002 Country Review of China that “the developmental gap between men and women is widening. In fact, the various gaps separating men and women’s status, income, and power keep shifting in response to constantly changing social, economic, cultural and political realities in China”. This is very true of China today. In many cities across this vast country, women enjoy the same equal status in society as men. Looking at major cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, it is easy to believe that gender is not an issue in China. To some extent, the gender issues present in China are not as prominent as those in other countries; there is very little research or data available regarding this issue. However, in those reports that are available, gender inequalities are still very much present in rural China today. The World Bank describes the increasing “feminisation of poverty”. In its work with Chinese scholars and researchers, they identified barriers to gender equality. These include: 1. Inequality in the labour market in terms of income gaps, discrimination in hiring and firing and also discrimination in top-level positions. Women are generally employed in lower status and lower-wage jobs, and are often neglected in promotions to management level, coming up against the “glass-ceiling” (Asian Development Bank, 2006). 2. Uneven impacts of education and health reforms. Women tend to be heavier users of health services due to their reproductive role. Their ability to access these services depends on their income levels, which are lower in comparison to men resulting in unequal access. There is also evidence showing high levels of illiteracy particularly amongst girls and women in rural counties, with three out of four illiterate people being women. 3. The one-child family planning policy that has reinforced the traditional cultural preference for boys over girls. This has been reflected in the birth ratio of 117 males to 100 females in 1999. Fewer female partners for men has resulted in an increase in trafficking of women and girls particularly from border regions. An increasing concern for China is the unusually high female suicide rate. The worldwide is 1.6% whereas China’s is 4.5% (World Bank, 2002). The reasons for this are complex. They include women’s increasing workload as men move to urban areas to find work, women are left with both the agricultural and domestic duties (Asian Development Bank, 2006). Forced marriages and domestic abuse are other causes. As mentioned above, gender is also an issue for vulnerable men, particular males 74
who have sex with males and male sex workers. In China, there is still a great taboo associated with homosexuality. Although there is more tolerance particular in big cities, it is not openly practiced. This makes it harder for vulnerable men to reach HIV prevention services. HIV and Gender in China The rates of HIV amongst women is increasing in China. Women account for 30% of all HIV infections (IAVI, 2008). One reason for this is that the majority of female sex workers are female. Vulnerable men are also still at great risk. As Chinese society evolves and develops, a need for a more gender sensitive approach is needed in HIV prevention work (IAVI, 2008). Without tackling the issue of gender, the epidemic will spread rapidly through the general population, including an increase in mother-to-child transmission. 75
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VSO China HIV and AIDS Mainstreamin
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Contents Acknowledgements Contents
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Introduction: Why is HIV mainstream
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Q) What can YOU do to help? Answer:
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How might your religious / cultural
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Ground rules are basic rules about
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7) Give each participant a handout.
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10. Test for AIDS 11. AIDS testing
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What does HIV mean? Human Immunodef
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How HIV cannot be transmitted? How
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esults. Post-test counseling is to
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. Time Activity Activity 1.1: HIV a
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Sexual Activities and HIV risk No r
Page 27 and 28: . Time Activity Section 1: What is
Page 29 and 30: ut it looks for signs that the body
Page 31 and 32: . Time Activity Activity 1.5: True
Page 33 and 34: portrayals. However, HIV and AIDS a
Page 35 and 36: 8. Ask participants with mark “
Page 37 and 38: The map above shows two provinces t
Page 39 and 40: Government Response “HIV/AIDS is
Page 41 and 42: INITIAL PHASE (1985-1988) Only a sm
Page 43 and 44: The MDGs are significant because th
Page 45 and 46: Scenario A country is rapidly devel
Page 47 and 48: economic, political, social, enviro
Page 49 and 50: international travel. Emphasise tha
Page 51 and 52: education = limited job opportuniti
Page 53 and 54: . Time Activity Activity 4.1: HIV a
Page 55 and 56: Detecting and treating STDs reduces
Page 57 and 58: stigma and incorrect moral judgment
Page 59 and 60: . Time Activity Section 5: Stigma a
Page 61 and 62: . Time Activity 10 minutes 1. Ask p
Page 63 and 64: . Time Activity Activity 5.5: Diffe
Page 67 and 68: Power, Resources, Opportunities Sta
Page 71 and 72: people—and this is a source of st
Page 73 and 74: How they felt when they were asked
Page 75 and 76: • If you ‘label’ someone what
Page 77: Definitions Sex - Refers to the bio
Page 81 and 82: last activity will deepen understan
Page 83 and 84: Time Activity Activity 6.2: Balance
Page 85 and 86: “HIV mainstreaming is a process o
Page 87 and 88: support the sensitisation process i
Page 89 and 90: efore embarking on organisational c
Page 91 and 92: We get support from professional HI
Page 93 and 94: We make HIV information available t
Page 95 and 96: Case Studies Rwanda: As a result of
Page 97 and 98: Section 8: Different approaches to
Page 99 and 100: . Time Activity Section 9: HIV and
Page 101 and 102: Character Briefing Notes Scenario 1
Page 103 and 104: the process and get an understandin
Page 105 and 106: and non-verbal communication is ver
Page 107 and 108: Briefing Notes for the Managing Dir
Page 109 and 110: Case Studies All the organisations
Page 111 and 112: For organisations - including a rev
Page 113 and 114: 1. What is HIV? a) a virus b) a fun
Page 115 and 116: 1. What is HIV? a) a virus 2. Can i
Page 117 and 118: http://iiep.tomoye.com/ev.php (IIEP
Page 119 and 120: Action Aids website has lots of use
Page 121 and 122: Kissing
Page 123 and 124: Shaking Hands
Page 125 and 126: From a toilet seat
Page 127 and 128: Insect Bite
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WORLD AIDS DAY 2008-12-01 Annex 5:
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Sharing cutlery
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Which of these people have HIV/AIDS
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AIDS A: Acquired I: Immune D: De
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The Awareness of HIV/AIDS is more a
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The government started in 2004 with
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It’s important to know how you ca
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Photo: Yin Meng Annex 6: What is De
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Photo: Yin Meng Annex 8: What is De
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Photo: Yin Meng Annex 10: What is D
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Chlamydia A bacterial infection of
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types, 30 of which are sexually tra
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Hepatitis B Virus A viral infection
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Does the organisation have focal po
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该组织具有HIV工作重点(foca
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2) What is the awareness level of H
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contact details for VCT, a copy of
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6) How are people living with HIV (
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8) What is the current monitoring a
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Annex 15: HIV Workplace Policy PPT
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Why do we need a policy? “We cann
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What can a policy include? ILO guid
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Steps to developing a policy 1. Sta
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1. Christian Aid 2002 - mainstream
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3. NGOs in Uganda - Stop AIDS Now!
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4. Heineken in Africa • Has lots
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Learnings from these case studies 1
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Summary In China, it may be that mo
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Annex 17 Term AIDS (Acquired Immuno
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one may see the virus referred to a
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Risk reduction The process of adopt
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艾滋病及其他医疗词汇政
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射精 ejaculation 阻碍因素 hin
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疟疾 malaria 田园镇人民政
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不育 sterility 感染者支持小
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5. Do you think a person who has AI
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19. Describe the mainstreaming acti
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Asian Development Bank (2006) Gende
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