PNNL-13501 - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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The first task was to establish five mesocosms (~0.1 m 2 ) with the natural-vegetated community of a natural salt marsh. These mesocosms were maintained in ambient (atmospheric) conditions under a natural hydrologic regime. Plant growth rate, species abundance, aboveground biomass, soil moisture, and salinity and soil temperature were monitored and compared to measurements of plants and soil at a reference site. Site/Treatment Natural Marsh - Outside Bucket Natural Marsh - Outside Bucket Natural Marsh - Seawater (greenhouse) Natural Marsh - Seawater (greenhouse) Natural Marsh - Freshwater (greenhouse) Natural Marsh - Freshwater (greenhouse) Natural Marsh - Field Sample Natural Marsh - Field Sample Natural Marsh - Field Sample Natural Marsh - Field Sample Natural Marsh - Field Sample Natural Marsh - Field Sample Natural Marsh - Field Sample Altered Marsh - Seawater (greenhouse) Altered Marsh - Seawater (greenhouse) Altered Marsh - Freshwater (greenhouse) Altered Marsh - Freshwater (greenhouse) Altered Marsh - Field Sample Altered Marsh - Field Sample Altered Marsh - Field Sample Altered Marsh - Field Sample Altered Marsh - Field Sample 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Total Organic Carbon (%) Figure 1. Total organic carbon measurements for natural and altered marsh treatments during the test period The second task established 20 mesocosms (~0.1 m 2 ) with natural-vegetated communities of natural and restored wetland soil/vegetation cores (Figure 2). These mesocosms were maintained in a greenhouse under natural and altered hydrologic regimes. Plant growth rate, species abundance, aboveground biomass, soil moisture, and salinity and soil temperature were monitored. Figure 2. Greenhouse mesocosms The third task involved collection and total organic carbon analysis of soil samples from several restored and natural tidal marshes, as well as eelgrass meadows of varying post-restoration age marshes in Sequim Bay and Grays Harbor estuary, Washington, and Coos Bay, Oregon. The fourth task explored the use of spectral radiance to detect changes in carbon sequestration by detecting 204 FY 2000 Laboratory Directed Research and Development Annual Report differences in spectral signatures from the various treatments established in the second task. A spectral radiometer was used to determine spring and summer spectral signatures from all treatments, including the natural and hydrologically altered marshes. The fifth and last task initiated construction of an automated gas flux mesocosm. This 1.0-m 3 chamber with four partitioned compartments will be able to continuously monitor CO2 flux rates for mesocosms constructed in each section. Results and Accomplishments The following sections highlight the findings of our studies. Reference Sites and Greenhouse Mesocosms Total organic carbon measurements were constant for the natural salt marsh reference site and for the altered salt marsh (pasture) reference site based on winter and summer sampling. Aboveground biomass was similar for greenhouse mesocosms started with natural marsh plants and the natural salt marsh reference site. Less aboveground biomass was available in altered marsh mesocosms. Within the greenhouse mesocosms, the natural salt marsh mesocosms (mean total organic carbon = 22.3%) contained about 35% more total organic carbon on average than did the altered marsh mesocosms (mean total organic carbon = 14.6%). Total organic carbon did not increase in altered marsh mesocosm soils. In fact, all treatments in the mesocosms showed either a decrease or no change in total organic carbon over the 8-month period of the experiment, leading us to believe that maintaining the plants in pots confounded results for artificial manipulation of hydrology and resultant total organic carbon measurement. Total Organic Carbon and Marsh Age Samples from restored marshes in Grays Harbor estuary, Washington, and Coos Bay, Oregon, showed that restoration of tidal flooding resulted in a recovery of soil total organic carbon to natural levels after about 10 years following restoration (Figure 3). Total organic carbon was higher in the two natural salt marshes (12.4%) as compared to the tidal freshwater marsh (mean = 3.9%).
Totoal Organic Carbon (%) 30 25 20 15 10 5 y = 6.431LOG(x) - 1.028 r = 0.566 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 A 3-year-old eelgrass meadow established initially in low-organic-content sand in a large (9.5-m diameter) tank at the Marine Sciences Laboratory in Sequim, Washington, showed total organic carbon levels 74% greater than a sand-only control. The sand in the eelgrass tank was within the range of total organic carbon (mean =1.04%) found in natural meadows. Spectral Measurements Approximate Marsh Age (yrs) Figure 3. Total organic carbon versus marsh age An Analytical Spectral Devices FieldSpec® spectroradiometer was used to measure spectral reflectance of plants in the mesocosm treatments between 350 and 2500 nm. The reflectance signatures of various treatments, as well as clipped live biomass and dead, senescent material were collected. We applied several indices routinely used to measure crop stress and photosynthetic function, including normalized difference vegetation index) (Rouse et al. 1973), the rededge vegetation stress index (Merton 1998), and the photosynthetic reflectance index (Gamon and Serrano 1997). The most promising index for future work appears to be the photosynthetic reflectance index which has been explored as an indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency. Gamon and Serrano (1997) tested the index across functional types (annual, deciduous perennial, and evergreen perennial) and found a significant correlation between photosynthetic reflectance index and net CO2 uptake and radiation use efficiency measured by gas exchange, as well as by a fluorescence-based index of photosystem II photochemical efficiency. Our data are representative in some cases of waterstressed plants. Our relatively high photosynthetic reflectance index values are also indicative of plants in a shaded environment, rather than representative of full sun environment. Automated Gas Flux Mesocosm The mesocosm test chamber was constructed in the Marine Sciences Laboratory greenhouse (Figure 4). The apparatus consisted of a Plexiglas tank divided into four 0.25-m 3 chambers. Each chamber was provided a 2-inch diameter opening at the top of the chamber, a 0.3-inch drain hole in the floor of the chamber, and a 0.25-inch gas flow line out of each chamber 6 inches above the bottom (floor). Figure 4. Prototype automated gas flux chamber The test chamber is connected by four gas lines to a CO2 analysis system. The configuration of the system is as follows: • The configuration of the pumping consists of a vacuum pump to draw the sample through the system. The flow rate is regulated by four needle valves. The volume of gas through the system is measured by four Cole Palmer flow meters. The gas flow from the chambers is directed to the test equipment via four three-position solenoid valves. • The solenoid valves are controlled by a programmable micro controller that is programmed to sample each chamber for 2 minutes every 1 hour. The duration and delay between samples is programselectable. The microcontroller is also programmed to activate a Fluke data logger after each chamber is Earth System Science 205
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Computational Science and Engineeri
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Policy and Management Sciences Asse
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Introduction Department of Energy O
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5. After reviews by the Technical a
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• The Technical Council peer revi
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methods applicable to combustion, s
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Summary Each national laboratory mu
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Study Control Number: PN0004/1411 A
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Table 1. Positive and negative ions
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m/z Arbitrary Units Figure 1. Mass
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introduce low-volatility compounds
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arrangement, but the charge is reta
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two liquid chromatographic gradient
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Integrated Microfabricated Devices
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Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Io
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Molecular Beam Synthesis and Charac
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temperature distribution of the des
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expected to result in significant a
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Study Control Number: PN99069/1397
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Seuss DT and KA Prather. 1999. “M
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Analysis of Receptor-Modulated Ion
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laboratory (Lu and Xie 1997; Lu et
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Automated DNA Fingerprinting Microa
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Comparison of 4 Xanthomonas Isolate
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Approach Hematopoietic (bone marrow
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Anti-Human lgG Human lgG Protein G
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Characterization of Global Gene Reg
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PCR products for immobilization on
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identify novel proteins of importan
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Immunoprecipitaton of tyrosinephosp
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Coupled NMR and Confocal Microscopy
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In the optical microscopy image, th
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Development and Applications of a M
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Figure 3. Hepa-1 cells undergoing a
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cellular processing (such as post-t
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8. Initial demonstration of an off-
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expression systems for several year
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accumulation of protein products, i
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Fungal Conversion of Agricultural W
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Fungal Conversion of Waste Glucose/
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Summary and Conclusions We demonstr
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are shown in Figure 1(a) and 1(b),
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Anchorage-Independent Growth (% con
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selection of seedlings demonstratin
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NMR-Based Structural Genomics Micha
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Solution-State Structure and Fold-C
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Plant Root Exudates and Microbial G
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98 99 100 6 7 10 3 1 12 11 15 16 17
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Summary and Conclusions • The gre
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Jones-Oliveira JB, JS Oliveira, HE
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• securely moves files to a targe
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Plenary invited lecture, “The Ele
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Figure 1. X3DGEN tetrahedral mesh o
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Figure 5a. OSO volume rendering of
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Development of Models of Cell-Signa
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SOS p 23 EGFR Professor Rodland at
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Oliveira JS, JB Jones-Oliveira, and
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Figure 2. Associating a dataset mar
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to 1) incorporate three-dimensional
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shown in Figure 1. Simulated result
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HostBuilder: A Tool for the Combina
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Invariant Discretization Methods fo
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Graphics, Inc., workstation. The co
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Mixed Hamiltonian Methods for Geoch
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guyanaite, and grimaldiite (see Fig
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in the Environmental Molecular Scie
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Simulation and Modeling of Electroc
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Summary and Conclusions We implemen
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Page 164 and 165: Since the implementation of the gen
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Page 170 and 171: Summary and Conclusions In previous
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Use of Shear-Thinning Fluids for In
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concentration of 0.5% AMX was the m
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Roberts AL, LA Totten, WA Arnold, D
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tetra-scale computing, envisioned a
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Energy Technology and Management
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Figure 2. Setup for the second expe
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phase. The algorithms will be teste
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[Pb-212]/[Pb-212] final 100 10 1 0.
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Plasma Particle Dielectric Fiber El
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(species, sub-species, and sex), sp
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Figure 3. Relative risk of bone and
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Development of a Preliminary Physio
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Development of a Virtual Respirator
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Figure 3. Use of the chest cavity a
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Examination of the Use of Diazolumi
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Indoor Air Pathways to Nuclear, Che
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Source Building Release Observed re
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To illustrate the potential impact
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Non-Invasive Biological Monitoring
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Materials Science and Technology
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Figure 1. (a) - (c) Successive magn
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Component Fabrication and Assembly
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Development of a Low-Cost Photoelec
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elaxations, indicating the adequacy
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Promising chemical durability, as m
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Study Control Number : PN98028/1274
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High Power Density Solid Oxide Fuel
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Hybrid Plasma Process for Vacuum De
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Matson DW, PM Martin, WD Bennett, J
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We showed the proof-of-principle ap
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Bandgap Energy (eV) 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.
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Ultrathin Electrolyte Test Results
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Detailed Investigations on Hydrogen
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identified low energy step structur
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Development of Novel Photo-Catalyst
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-2 -1 Energy (eV) 0 1 2 Cu2O SrTiO3
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Here, we perform adsorption and des
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exceed those in the all-metal devic
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Intensity (a.u.) 0 100 200 300 400
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integrated voltage (V) 0.10 0.08 0.
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The first step was to implement thi
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Spontaneous Formation of Cu2O Nano-
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Actinide Chemistry at the Aqueous-M
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Figure 5. Close-up atomic force mic
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to 300°C and 400°C. Unfortunately
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Summary and Conclusions Transmutati
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Advanced Calibration/Registration T
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Figure 1a. Violet filter Figure 1b.
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Autonomous Ultrasonic Probe for Pro
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containing nitrous oxide, an optica
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Chemical Detection Using Cavity Enh
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Figure 3 is a color rendered simula
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appropriate study has been performe
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Exploitation of Conventional Chemic
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Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the impa
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enefits of using a modified spread-
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Single Channel Signal 0.0025 0.0020
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Therefore, in order to extract the
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A next-generation technology is nee
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Wind Dir. Figure 2. Negative ion co
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Volumetric Imaging of Materials by
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amplitude and peak frequency change
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Figure 3. 13 C NMR spectrum of corn
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Approach Two flow loops, one that o
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Modification of Ion Exchange Resins
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Permanganate Treatment for the Deco
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minimized by medium exchange. After
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Figure 1. Thermogravimetric analysi
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Validation and Scale-Up of Monosacc
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Concentration (g/100g solution) Con
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Analysis of High-Volume, Hyper-Dime
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ecent figure of merit values. Shoul
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Probabilistic Methods Development f
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a) Traditional PCA-based process co
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Acronyms and Abbreviations 2-D two-
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PNNL-13501 - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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