PNNL-13501 - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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precipitation of calcite occurred in these experiments. Consequently, pore water conditioning appeared to be a viable mechanism for rapid in situ sequestration of CO2. After test termination, the quartz sand was extruded from the column, and the reacted grains were examined with an optical microscope. Figure 4 shows grains obtained from the bottom and top of the column near the injection ports. The quartz grains near the top of the column were coated with a precipitate, which was confirmed as calcite from xray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. However, grains from near the bottom of the column appeared essentially pristine, with only a few calcite nodules observed. Sandstone Experiments Figure 5 shows x-ray microtomography images of the Berea sandstone before and after the CO2 injections. The reduction in available porosity was clearly visible. Digital image analysis showed that the available porosity decreased by 60% and that the pore size distribution shifted to a smaller median pore size. This affected the water retention and hydraulic conductivity of the core sample. Approximately 50% less water was extracted from the core at a given rotational speed in the unsaturated flow apparatus indicating that the available water is more tightly held after the CO2 injection. This finding was consistent with expectations from the observed pore size reduction as higher capillary pressures are required to remove water from small pores as compared with large pores. Conclusions Modifications to the <strong>Laboratory</strong>-developed pressurized unsaturated flow apparatus were accomplished so that CO2 injection experiments can be conducted at pressures up to 200 psi. Alkali flooding experiments with the gas and pore water injectors located adjacent to one another caused pore plugging near the injector and pore utilization of the available pore volume for carbonate mineral trapping. Although a pulsed injection method significantly improved use of the available pore space for carbonate mineral trapping, models of dissolution/ precipitation waves in porous media suggested that a counterflow injection method would allow better control of the precipitation process. In this case, CO2 was injected near the bottom of the column, allowing buoyancy effects to cause the gas to rise counter to the direction of fluid flow. By controlling the injection rate 226 FY 2000 <strong>Laboratory</strong> Directed Research and Development Annual Report of CO2 and the pore water conditioner, the location of the calcite precipitation front can be controlled. This sliding in situ precipitation concept will be tested as this project continues. Precipitation of CaCO3 in quartz sand and sandstone was observed to occur rapidly in contrast to the geologic timescales that are suggested in the literature (Bacher et al. 1994). Mineral trapping was also observed to cause significant changes in the hydraulic properties of Berea sandstone, an important process that must be considered when modeling the impacts of CO2 injection in deep geologic reservoirs. References Bachu S, WD Gunter, and EH Perkins. 1994. “Aquifer Disposal of CO2: Hydrodynamic and mineral trapping.” Energy Conversion and Manag. 35. Gupta N. 1999. Experimental evaluation of chemical sequestration of CO2 in deep saline formations. DOE Office of Fossil Energy Project Fact Sheet, DE-AC26- 98FT40418, Washington, D.C. Hitchon B. 1996. Aquifer disposal of carbon dioxide, hydrodynamic and mineral trapping - proof of concept. Geoscience Publishing Ltd., Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada. Lackner KS, DP Butt, and CH Wendt. 1997. “Progress on binding CO2 in mineral substrates.” In Proc. Third Int. Conf. on Carbon Dioxide Removal, HJ Herzog ed., Cambridge, Massachusetts. McGrail BP, CW Lindenmeier, and PF Martin. 1999b. “Characterization of pore structure and hydraulic property alteration in pressurized unsaturated flow tests.” Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 556:421-428. McGrail BP, PF Martin, CW Lindenmeier, and HT Schaef. 1999a. “Application of the pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) test for accelerated aging of waste forms.” In Proceedings of Aging Studies and Lifetime Extension of Materials, July 12-14, Oxford, UK. U.S. Department of Energy. 1993. A research needs assessment for the capture, utilization and disposal of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel fired power plants. DOE/ER-30194, Washington, D.C.
(a) (b) Figure 4. Optical photos of quartz grains removed from top (a) and bottom (b) of column after pressurized unsaturated flow test. Note extensive calcite precipitation on quartz grain near top of the column. Before After Figure 5. X-ray microtomography images of Berea sandstone core before and after five sequential injections of a saturated Ca(OH) 2 solution followed by CO 2(g). Digital image analysis gives a total porosity of 16.9% for the before picture and 6.9% for the after picture. Earth System Science 227
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Computational Science and Engineeri
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Policy and Management Sciences Asse
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Introduction Department of Energy O
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5. After reviews by the Technical a
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• The Technical Council peer revi
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methods applicable to combustion, s
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Summary Each national laboratory mu
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Study Control Number: PN0004/1411 A
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Table 1. Positive and negative ions
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m/z Arbitrary Units Figure 1. Mass
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introduce low-volatility compounds
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arrangement, but the charge is reta
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two liquid chromatographic gradient
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Integrated Microfabricated Devices
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Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Io
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Molecular Beam Synthesis and Charac
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temperature distribution of the des
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expected to result in significant a
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Study Control Number: PN99069/1397
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Seuss DT and KA Prather. 1999. “M
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Analysis of Receptor-Modulated Ion
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laboratory (Lu and Xie 1997; Lu et
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Automated DNA Fingerprinting Microa
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Comparison of 4 Xanthomonas Isolate
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Approach Hematopoietic (bone marrow
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Anti-Human lgG Human lgG Protein G
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Characterization of Global Gene Reg
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PCR products for immobilization on
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identify novel proteins of importan
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Immunoprecipitaton of tyrosinephosp
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Coupled NMR and Confocal Microscopy
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In the optical microscopy image, th
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Development and Applications of a M
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Figure 3. Hepa-1 cells undergoing a
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cellular processing (such as post-t
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8. Initial demonstration of an off-
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expression systems for several year
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accumulation of protein products, i
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Fungal Conversion of Agricultural W
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Fungal Conversion of Waste Glucose/
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Summary and Conclusions We demonstr
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are shown in Figure 1(a) and 1(b),
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Anchorage-Independent Growth (% con
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selection of seedlings demonstratin
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NMR-Based Structural Genomics Micha
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Solution-State Structure and Fold-C
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Plant Root Exudates and Microbial G
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98 99 100 6 7 10 3 1 12 11 15 16 17
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Summary and Conclusions • The gre
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Jones-Oliveira JB, JS Oliveira, HE
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• securely moves files to a targe
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Plenary invited lecture, “The Ele
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Figure 1. X3DGEN tetrahedral mesh o
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Figure 5a. OSO volume rendering of
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Development of Models of Cell-Signa
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SOS p 23 EGFR Professor Rodland at
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Oliveira JS, JB Jones-Oliveira, and
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Figure 2. Associating a dataset mar
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to 1) incorporate three-dimensional
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shown in Figure 1. Simulated result
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HostBuilder: A Tool for the Combina
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Invariant Discretization Methods fo
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Graphics, Inc., workstation. The co
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Mixed Hamiltonian Methods for Geoch
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guyanaite, and grimaldiite (see Fig
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in the Environmental Molecular Scie
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Simulation and Modeling of Electroc
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Summary and Conclusions We implemen
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Since the implementation of the gen
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asis of previous performance, perce
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Bioinformatics for High-Throughput
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Summary and Conclusions In previous
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User Cat - Supervisor (client) Anal
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The second goal was to research way
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Figure 1. A visualization technique
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and interactions. The flexibility o
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Figure 4. A filtered version of Fig
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Page 240 and 241: Interrelationships Between Processe
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Page 250 and 251: Application of a Crop Model The res
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(species, sub-species, and sex), sp
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Figure 3. Relative risk of bone and
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Development of a Preliminary Physio
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Development of a Virtual Respirator
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Figure 3. Use of the chest cavity a
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Examination of the Use of Diazolumi
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Indoor Air Pathways to Nuclear, Che
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Source Building Release Observed re
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To illustrate the potential impact
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Non-Invasive Biological Monitoring
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Materials Science and Technology
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Figure 1. (a) - (c) Successive magn
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Component Fabrication and Assembly
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Development of a Low-Cost Photoelec
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elaxations, indicating the adequacy
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Promising chemical durability, as m
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Study Control Number : PN98028/1274
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High Power Density Solid Oxide Fuel
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Hybrid Plasma Process for Vacuum De
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Matson DW, PM Martin, WD Bennett, J
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We showed the proof-of-principle ap
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Bandgap Energy (eV) 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.
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Ultrathin Electrolyte Test Results
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Detailed Investigations on Hydrogen
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identified low energy step structur
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Development of Novel Photo-Catalyst
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-2 -1 Energy (eV) 0 1 2 Cu2O SrTiO3
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Here, we perform adsorption and des
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exceed those in the all-metal devic
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Intensity (a.u.) 0 100 200 300 400
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integrated voltage (V) 0.10 0.08 0.
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The first step was to implement thi
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Spontaneous Formation of Cu2O Nano-
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Actinide Chemistry at the Aqueous-M
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Figure 5. Close-up atomic force mic
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to 300°C and 400°C. Unfortunately
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Summary and Conclusions Transmutati
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Advanced Calibration/Registration T
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Figure 1a. Violet filter Figure 1b.
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Autonomous Ultrasonic Probe for Pro
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containing nitrous oxide, an optica
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Chemical Detection Using Cavity Enh
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Figure 3 is a color rendered simula
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appropriate study has been performe
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Exploitation of Conventional Chemic
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Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the impa
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enefits of using a modified spread-
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Single Channel Signal 0.0025 0.0020
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Therefore, in order to extract the
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A next-generation technology is nee
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Wind Dir. Figure 2. Negative ion co
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Volumetric Imaging of Materials by
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amplitude and peak frequency change
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Figure 3. 13 C NMR spectrum of corn
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Approach Two flow loops, one that o
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Modification of Ion Exchange Resins
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Permanganate Treatment for the Deco
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minimized by medium exchange. After
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Figure 1. Thermogravimetric analysi
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Validation and Scale-Up of Monosacc
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Concentration (g/100g solution) Con
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Analysis of High-Volume, Hyper-Dime
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ecent figure of merit values. Shoul
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Probabilistic Methods Development f
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a) Traditional PCA-based process co
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Acronyms and Abbreviations 2-D two-
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