PNNL-13501 - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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Energy Technology and Management
Study Control Number: PN00024/1431 Conversion of Natural Gas/Methane to High Octane Liquid Fuel Alex Mitroshkov, Khris B. Olsen, John C. Evans, Ed G. Baker, Don J. Stevens Alternate sources of liquid fuel will be needed for the United States to obtain energy independence or be cushioned from a potential impending oil crisis. We may have located a breakthrough process that converts natural gas/methane into a liquid fuel in a single-step process. Project Description The purpose of this project was to perform proof-ofconcept testing of a unique process to convert natural gas, using methanol as a reaction initiator, to a high-octane liquid fuel. To assess this process, we conducted several different kinds of experiments with a variety of flow rates and volumes of catalyst. We collected products of synthesis and found that for one catalyst, which was available, conversion of methane was 1 to 25% depending on the condition of the experiments. Introduction For the past 80 years, petroleum has been the primary energy source for the U.S. transportation system. In addition, many consumer products are based on petrochemical-based plastics. Petroleum reserves are projected to decrease below world demands, resulting in significantly higher energy costs, and inevitably, a worsening energy crisis. For the U.S. to obtain energy independence and be cushioned from this impending energy crisis, alternate sources of energy will be needed. Natural gas, which is readily available with large amounts of future reserves, has been considered as an alternative either in liquefied form or as a feedstock for production of liquid fuels. However, because of the high methane content of natural gas, high pressures and low temperatures are needed to liquefy natural gas. This makes it an unlikely candidate for a convenient replacement for motoring fuel in the 21 st century. Numerous attempts have been made to produce liquid fuel from natural gas, but the high methane content of natural gas complicates this conversion. Methane is difficult to reform into a liquid product. Presently, no energyefficient, cost-effective commercial scale process is available to convert methane to a high-octane liquid fuel. We may have identified a breakthrough process that converts natural gas/methane into a liquid fuel in a single step. This technology has direct applications toward conversion of natural gas at orphan gas sites (such as the North Slope of Alaska and offshore drilling platforms) or landfills where methane is normally flared or simply released. In addition, another application associated with the agricultural use may be available. If animal waste can be converted via bio-mass conversion into methane and the methane converted to a liquid fuel product, a major source of non-point pollution to our rivers and streams would be eliminated. Approach Proof-of-concept tests were conducted using two methods: 1. Prepared mixtures of methanol/methane were passed through a heated glass tube containing the catalyst heated to 350° to 400°C (see Figure 1). 2. Methanol was injected via syringe pump onto the front surface of the catalyst. The flow rate of the methanol was regulated independently from the flow rate of methane or helium (see Figure 2). Figure 1. Setup for the first experiment Results and Accomplishments The yield of the hydrocarbons was slightly higher at 350°C than at 400°C. Synthesis of CH3OH+CH4 produced mixtures of hydrocarbons with total concentration of 3.0 to 3.8 µg/mL. Synthesis using only Energy Technology and Management 267
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Computational Science and Engineeri
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Policy and Management Sciences Asse
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Introduction Department of Energy O
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5. After reviews by the Technical a
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• The Technical Council peer revi
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methods applicable to combustion, s
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Summary Each national laboratory mu
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Study Control Number: PN0004/1411 A
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Table 1. Positive and negative ions
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m/z Arbitrary Units Figure 1. Mass
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introduce low-volatility compounds
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arrangement, but the charge is reta
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two liquid chromatographic gradient
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Integrated Microfabricated Devices
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Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Io
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Molecular Beam Synthesis and Charac
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temperature distribution of the des
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expected to result in significant a
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Study Control Number: PN99069/1397
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Seuss DT and KA Prather. 1999. “M
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Analysis of Receptor-Modulated Ion
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laboratory (Lu and Xie 1997; Lu et
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Automated DNA Fingerprinting Microa
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Comparison of 4 Xanthomonas Isolate
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Approach Hematopoietic (bone marrow
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Anti-Human lgG Human lgG Protein G
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Characterization of Global Gene Reg
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PCR products for immobilization on
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identify novel proteins of importan
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Immunoprecipitaton of tyrosinephosp
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Coupled NMR and Confocal Microscopy
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In the optical microscopy image, th
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Development and Applications of a M
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Figure 3. Hepa-1 cells undergoing a
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cellular processing (such as post-t
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8. Initial demonstration of an off-
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expression systems for several year
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accumulation of protein products, i
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Fungal Conversion of Agricultural W
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Fungal Conversion of Waste Glucose/
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Summary and Conclusions We demonstr
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are shown in Figure 1(a) and 1(b),
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Anchorage-Independent Growth (% con
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selection of seedlings demonstratin
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NMR-Based Structural Genomics Micha
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Solution-State Structure and Fold-C
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Plant Root Exudates and Microbial G
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98 99 100 6 7 10 3 1 12 11 15 16 17
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Summary and Conclusions • The gre
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Jones-Oliveira JB, JS Oliveira, HE
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• securely moves files to a targe
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Plenary invited lecture, “The Ele
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Figure 1. X3DGEN tetrahedral mesh o
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Figure 5a. OSO volume rendering of
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Development of Models of Cell-Signa
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SOS p 23 EGFR Professor Rodland at
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Oliveira JS, JB Jones-Oliveira, and
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Figure 2. Associating a dataset mar
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to 1) incorporate three-dimensional
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shown in Figure 1. Simulated result
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HostBuilder: A Tool for the Combina
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Invariant Discretization Methods fo
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Graphics, Inc., workstation. The co
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Mixed Hamiltonian Methods for Geoch
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guyanaite, and grimaldiite (see Fig
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in the Environmental Molecular Scie
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Simulation and Modeling of Electroc
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Summary and Conclusions We implemen
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Since the implementation of the gen
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asis of previous performance, perce
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Bioinformatics for High-Throughput
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Summary and Conclusions In previous
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User Cat - Supervisor (client) Anal
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The second goal was to research way
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Figure 1. A visualization technique
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and interactions. The flexibility o
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Figure 4. A filtered version of Fig
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Development of Modeling Tools for J
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Figure 2. Schematic of experimental
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Integrated Modeling and Simulation
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 1. Results o
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Thurman DA. August 2000. Collaborat
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MARC Input initial m esh and result
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(Johnson 1999; Colligan 1999; Gould
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Modeling of High-Velocity Forming f
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Global divergence error 1 10 -14 0
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that users were unlikely to appreci
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Earth System Science
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the lateral extent of the plume so
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Biogeochemical Processes and Microb
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Analyses of populations of viable a
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The first task was to establish fiv
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purged for 2 minutes. The gas sampl
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developing code architecture to min
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Berkowitz, CM. June 2000. “Atmosp
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environmental monitoring, 2) portab
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Page 226 and 227: Enhancing Emissions Pre-Processing
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Page 230 and 231: nitrogen and unpredictable eutrophi
Page 232 and 233: Figure 1. Ordinary kriging of 2 m d
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Page 250 and 251: Application of a Crop Model The res
Page 252 and 253: The Nature, Occurrence, and Origin
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Page 262 and 263: TCE + 3H + + 3Fe 2+ Fe)=> acetylene
Page 264 and 265: Use of Shear-Thinning Fluids for In
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Page 268 and 269: Roberts AL, LA Totten, WA Arnold, D
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Page 276 and 277: Figure 2. Setup for the second expe
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Page 284 and 285: Plasma Particle Dielectric Fiber El
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Page 292 and 293: Development of a Virtual Respirator
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Page 296 and 297: Examination of the Use of Diazolumi
Page 298 and 299: Indoor Air Pathways to Nuclear, Che
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Page 308 and 309: Materials Science and Technology
Page 310 and 311: Figure 1. (a) - (c) Successive magn
Page 312 and 313: Component Fabrication and Assembly
Page 314 and 315: Development of a Low-Cost Photoelec
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High Power Density Solid Oxide Fuel
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Hybrid Plasma Process for Vacuum De
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Matson DW, PM Martin, WD Bennett, J
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We showed the proof-of-principle ap
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Bandgap Energy (eV) 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.
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Ultrathin Electrolyte Test Results
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Detailed Investigations on Hydrogen
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identified low energy step structur
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Development of Novel Photo-Catalyst
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-2 -1 Energy (eV) 0 1 2 Cu2O SrTiO3
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Here, we perform adsorption and des
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exceed those in the all-metal devic
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Intensity (a.u.) 0 100 200 300 400
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integrated voltage (V) 0.10 0.08 0.
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The first step was to implement thi
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Spontaneous Formation of Cu2O Nano-
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Actinide Chemistry at the Aqueous-M
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Figure 5. Close-up atomic force mic
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to 300°C and 400°C. Unfortunately
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Summary and Conclusions Transmutati
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Advanced Calibration/Registration T
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Figure 1a. Violet filter Figure 1b.
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Autonomous Ultrasonic Probe for Pro
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containing nitrous oxide, an optica
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Chemical Detection Using Cavity Enh
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Figure 3 is a color rendered simula
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appropriate study has been performe
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Exploitation of Conventional Chemic
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Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the impa
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enefits of using a modified spread-
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Single Channel Signal 0.0025 0.0020
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Therefore, in order to extract the
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A next-generation technology is nee
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Wind Dir. Figure 2. Negative ion co
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Volumetric Imaging of Materials by
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amplitude and peak frequency change
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Figure 3. 13 C NMR spectrum of corn
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Approach Two flow loops, one that o
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Modification of Ion Exchange Resins
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Permanganate Treatment for the Deco
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minimized by medium exchange. After
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Figure 1. Thermogravimetric analysi
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Validation and Scale-Up of Monosacc
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Concentration (g/100g solution) Con
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Analysis of High-Volume, Hyper-Dime
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ecent figure of merit values. Shoul
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Probabilistic Methods Development f
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a) Traditional PCA-based process co
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Acronyms and Abbreviations 2-D two-
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