PNNL-13501 - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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appropriate study has been performed on determining the settling of crystals in viscous fluids including molten glasses. Ultrasonic theory has been developed for the study of fundamental properties of a diverse range of two phase systems (Harker and Temple 1988) and the characterization of media using ultrasonic backscatter (Goebbles 1980, Good 1984). Recent studies have shown that ultrasound can be used to characterize complex slurries, such as those at Hanford (Clark and Martin 1994). Other groups have used ultrasound to monitor slurries at elevated temperatures (Soong et al. 1996) and ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers are now available that can operate at temperatures as high as 950ºC (Patel et al. 1990). Approach This work consisted of room temperature, proof-ofconcept tests by employing liquids that had properties at room temperature that mimicked material properties of molten glass and sludge contained within a high-level radioactive waste melter. Information of interest included the optimized frequency for ultrasonic measurement and the sensitivity to detect the sludge-glass interface. Glycerin-citric acid is the room temperature simulant of the molten glass. Viscosity can be well controlled between 0.4 and 37 Poise depending on the concentration of citric acid (Stanek 1977). The sludge simulant was the same liquid loaded with small particles of alumina, to simulate spinel crystals in the melt. Rapid forming of a sludge layer would be used for future high-temperature tests. Initially, the temperature of the molten glass mixture is raised above its liquidus temperature to dissolve spinel in the melt. Subsequently, the temperature is lowered to a level sufficiently below the liquidus. While holding the mixture at this temperature, spinel crystals nucleate, grow, and settle due to their higher density (Mika et al. 1997). Results and Accomplishments Three proof-of-concept tests were successfully performed and a laboratory scale melter cell was fabricated for future high-temperature tests. Ultrasonic techniques 1 and 2 as illustrated in Figure 1 utilized ultrasonic sensors that were external to the melter cavity. These were viewed as more robust since transducers would be removed from the higher temperature of the molten glass and isolated from the caustic mixture. Ultrasonic technique 3 would house transducers in an envelope of refractory material for protection against the caustic melt. A small laboratory refractory cell was designed and fabricated to permit an economical means of performing high-temperature tests (Figure 2). Central Control System Ultrasound Sensing System Summary and Conclusions 1 2 Cold Cap 1 Figure 1. Real time monitoring of noble metal and spinel crystal settling accumulation at the bottom of the melter by advance ultrasonic sensing technology Figure 2. Small-scale refractory cell prepared for laboratory high-temperature test Three proof-of-concept tests were successfully performed with room temperature, nonradioactive surrogates of molten waste and sludge. Two of the three techniques used ultrasonic transducers external to the melter cavity. Our data showed that the sludge-glass interface is detectable for quantifying the spinel-layer depth. Smallscale crucibles have been fabricated and are ready for use in high-temperature laboratory tests. 950°C-7h 950°C-23h 950°C Spinel crystal settling Sensors and Electronics 391
References Bond LJ, M Meenaksh, and HO Matthiesen. 1998. “Ultrasonic methods for the on-line real-time characterization of state of mixing.” In Proceedings 16 th ICA and 135 th Meeting Acoustical Society of America, Eds. PK Kuhl and LA Crum, pp. 1161-1162. Clark MA and DM Martin. 1994. “Acoustic properties of underground storage tank simulant wastes.” In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, vol. 13, Eds. DO Thompson and DE Chimenti, pp. 1075- 1081, Plenum Press, New York. Cooper MF, ML Elliott, LL Eyler, CF Freeman, JJ Higginson, LA Mahoney, and MR Powell. 1994. Research-scale melter test report. PNL-9428, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Goebbels K. 1980. “Structure analysis by scattered ultrasonic radiation.” Chapter 4 in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, vol. IV, Ed. RS Sharpe. Academic Press, New York. Good MS. 1984. “Effective case depth measurement by an ultrasonic backscatter technique.” in 1984 ASM Metals/Materials Technology Series paper 8408-003, pp. 1-6, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio. Harker AH and JAG Temple. 1988. “Velocity and attenuation of ultrasound in suspensions of particles in fluids.” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 21:1576- 1588. Hrma P, GF Piepel, MJ Schweiger, DE Smith, DS Kim, PE Redgate, JD Vienna, CA LoPresti, DB Simpson, DK Peeler, and MH Langowski. 1994. Property/ composition relationships for Hanford high-level waste glasses melting at 1150°C. PNL-10359, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Krause C and B Luckscheiter. 1991. “Properties and behavior of the platinum group metals in the glass resulting from the vitrification of simulated nuclear fuel reprocessing waste.” J. Mater. Res., 6:2535-2546. 392 FY 2000 Laboratory Directed Research and Development Annual Report Lynnworth LC. 1989. Ultrasonic measurement for process control: theory, techniques, applications. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California. Mika M, MJ Schweiger, and P Hrma. 1997. “Liquidus temperature of spinel precipitating high-level waste glass.” In Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX, MRS Sym. Proc., vol. 465, Eds. W Gray and I Triay, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp, MRS, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Patel ND, WX Fulford, and PS Nicholson. 1990. “High frequency-high temperature ultrasonic transducers.” In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, vol. 9, Eds. DO Thompson and DE Chimenti, pp. 823-828. Plenum Press, New York. Soong Y, IK Gamwo, AG Blackwell, FW Harke, RR Schehl, and MF Zarochak. 1996. “Ultrasonic characterization of slurries in an autoclave reactor at elevated temperature.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35:1807- 1812. Stanek J. 1977. “Electric melting of glass.” Glass Science and Technology 1, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, p. 169. Vienna VD, PR Hrma, MJ Schweiger, MH Langowski, PE Redgate, DS Kim, GF Peipel, DE Smith, CY Chang, DE Rinerhart, SE Palmer, and H Li. 1996. Effect of composition and temperature on the properties of highlevel waste (HLW) glass melting above 1200ºC. PNNL- 10987, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Whittington KF, DK Seiler, J Luey, JD Vienna, and WA Sliger. 1996. Feed process studies - research-scale melter. PNNL-11333. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Workman J Jr., DJ Veltkamp, S Doherty, BB Anderson, KE Creasy, M Koch, JF Tatera, AL Robinson, L Bond, LW Burgess, GN Bokerman, AH Ullman, GP Darsey, F Mozayeni, JA Bamberger, and MS Greewood. 1999. Process Analytical Chemistry, 71(12)121R-180R.
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Computational Science and Engineeri
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Policy and Management Sciences Asse
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Introduction Department of Energy O
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5. After reviews by the Technical a
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• The Technical Council peer revi
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methods applicable to combustion, s
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Summary Each national laboratory mu
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Study Control Number: PN0004/1411 A
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Table 1. Positive and negative ions
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m/z Arbitrary Units Figure 1. Mass
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introduce low-volatility compounds
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arrangement, but the charge is reta
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two liquid chromatographic gradient
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Integrated Microfabricated Devices
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Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Io
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Molecular Beam Synthesis and Charac
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temperature distribution of the des
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expected to result in significant a
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Study Control Number: PN99069/1397
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Seuss DT and KA Prather. 1999. “M
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Analysis of Receptor-Modulated Ion
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laboratory (Lu and Xie 1997; Lu et
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Automated DNA Fingerprinting Microa
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Comparison of 4 Xanthomonas Isolate
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Approach Hematopoietic (bone marrow
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Anti-Human lgG Human lgG Protein G
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Characterization of Global Gene Reg
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PCR products for immobilization on
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identify novel proteins of importan
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Immunoprecipitaton of tyrosinephosp
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Coupled NMR and Confocal Microscopy
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In the optical microscopy image, th
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Development and Applications of a M
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Figure 3. Hepa-1 cells undergoing a
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cellular processing (such as post-t
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8. Initial demonstration of an off-
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expression systems for several year
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accumulation of protein products, i
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Fungal Conversion of Agricultural W
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Fungal Conversion of Waste Glucose/
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Summary and Conclusions We demonstr
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are shown in Figure 1(a) and 1(b),
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Anchorage-Independent Growth (% con
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selection of seedlings demonstratin
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NMR-Based Structural Genomics Micha
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Solution-State Structure and Fold-C
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Plant Root Exudates and Microbial G
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Summary and Conclusions • The gre
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Jones-Oliveira JB, JS Oliveira, HE
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• securely moves files to a targe
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Plenary invited lecture, “The Ele
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Figure 1. X3DGEN tetrahedral mesh o
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Figure 5a. OSO volume rendering of
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Development of Models of Cell-Signa
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SOS p 23 EGFR Professor Rodland at
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Oliveira JS, JB Jones-Oliveira, and
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Figure 2. Associating a dataset mar
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to 1) incorporate three-dimensional
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shown in Figure 1. Simulated result
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HostBuilder: A Tool for the Combina
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Invariant Discretization Methods fo
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Graphics, Inc., workstation. The co
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Mixed Hamiltonian Methods for Geoch
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guyanaite, and grimaldiite (see Fig
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in the Environmental Molecular Scie
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Simulation and Modeling of Electroc
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Summary and Conclusions We implemen
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Since the implementation of the gen
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asis of previous performance, perce
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Bioinformatics for High-Throughput
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Summary and Conclusions In previous
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User Cat - Supervisor (client) Anal
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The second goal was to research way
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Figure 1. A visualization technique
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and interactions. The flexibility o
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Figure 4. A filtered version of Fig
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Development of Modeling Tools for J
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Figure 2. Schematic of experimental
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Integrated Modeling and Simulation
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 1. Results o
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Thurman DA. August 2000. Collaborat
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MARC Input initial m esh and result
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(Johnson 1999; Colligan 1999; Gould
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Modeling of High-Velocity Forming f
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Global divergence error 1 10 -14 0
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that users were unlikely to appreci
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Earth System Science
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the lateral extent of the plume so
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Biogeochemical Processes and Microb
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Analyses of populations of viable a
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The first task was to establish fiv
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purged for 2 minutes. The gas sampl
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developing code architecture to min
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Berkowitz, CM. June 2000. “Atmosp
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environmental monitoring, 2) portab
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corresponded to a current density o
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Enhancing Emissions Pre-Processing
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Environmental Fate and Effects of D
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nitrogen and unpredictable eutrophi
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Figure 1. Ordinary kriging of 2 m d
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precipitation of calcite occurred i
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Interrelationships Between Processe
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phenanthrene resistant fraction con
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injection of an immiscible gas phas
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still some key kinetic issues that
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Application of a Crop Model The res
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The Nature, Occurrence, and Origin
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Particle number concentration, 1/cm
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geometry optimized AlOOH and FeOOH
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allowable parameters using thermody
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TCE + 3H + + 3Fe 2+ Fe)=> acetylene
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Use of Shear-Thinning Fluids for In
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concentration of 0.5% AMX was the m
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Roberts AL, LA Totten, WA Arnold, D
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tetra-scale computing, envisioned a
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Energy Technology and Management
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Figure 2. Setup for the second expe
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phase. The algorithms will be teste
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[Pb-212]/[Pb-212] final 100 10 1 0.
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Plasma Particle Dielectric Fiber El
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(species, sub-species, and sex), sp
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Figure 3. Relative risk of bone and
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Development of a Preliminary Physio
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Development of a Virtual Respirator
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Figure 3. Use of the chest cavity a
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Examination of the Use of Diazolumi
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Indoor Air Pathways to Nuclear, Che
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Source Building Release Observed re
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To illustrate the potential impact
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Non-Invasive Biological Monitoring
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Materials Science and Technology
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Figure 1. (a) - (c) Successive magn
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Component Fabrication and Assembly
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Development of a Low-Cost Photoelec
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elaxations, indicating the adequacy
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Promising chemical durability, as m
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Study Control Number : PN98028/1274
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High Power Density Solid Oxide Fuel
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Hybrid Plasma Process for Vacuum De
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Matson DW, PM Martin, WD Bennett, J
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We showed the proof-of-principle ap
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Bandgap Energy (eV) 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.
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Ultrathin Electrolyte Test Results
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Analysis of High-Volume, Hyper-Dime
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ecent figure of merit values. Shoul
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Probabilistic Methods Development f
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a) Traditional PCA-based process co
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Acronyms and Abbreviations 2-D two-
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