PNNL-13501 - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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Study Control Number: PN00033/1440 Development of In-Stack Reforming for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Olga A. Marina The goal of this project was to evaluate anode materials and designs for the solid oxide fuel cell operating on partially pre-reformed hydrocarbons and develop Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s capabilities to fabricate and test planar solid oxide fuel cells operating on partially pre-reformed hydrocarbon fuels. Project Description The primary objective of the project is to develop, fabricate, and test a thick porous anode that is compatible with other solid oxide fuel cell components, is coke resistant, exhibits excellent electrochemical properties, and has catalytic activity for internal reforming of methane. The development of such an electrode would allow solid oxide fuel cell stack operation on such inexpensive methane-containing fuels as natural gas or pre-reformed higher hydrocarbons, gasoline and diesel, provided they were desulfurized prior to use. Introduction For the solid oxide fuel cell with an yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte, a nickel-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermet is currently a favored anode material. State-ofthe-art Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia anodes exhibit polarization resistance as low as 30 and 60 mΩcm 2 at 1000 and 850 o C, respectively, in moist hydrogen (Primdahl and Mogensen 1999) and are being used successfully by most developers for solid oxide fuel cells operating on the clean reformed fuel. However, solid oxide fuel cells require the anode be tolerant to fuels less expensive than hydrogen hydrocarbon fuels (natural gas, gasoline) without external reforming. The major disadvantage of the nickel cermet electrode arises from the promotion of competitive catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons leading to rapid carbon deposition. Steam reforming of methane at high steam-to-carbon ratio potentially prevents sooting of the anode, but causes intolerable temperature gradients throughout the anode due to the high reactivity of nickel toward this reaction. Moreover, nickel is unsusceptible to an oxidizing atmosphere and is readily poisoned by sulfur, which is always present in the feedstock. Also, sintering of nickel on prolonged operation is a potential problem for any type of fuel (van Berkel et al. 1993). 314 FY 2000 Laboratory Directed Research and Development Annual Report Application of internal reforming of methane in the solid oxide fuel cell offers several important advantages in comparison with external reforming: 1) no separate steam-reforming unit is needed; 2) smaller system size, lower equipment and operation costs, and lower capital investment are expected; 3) less cooling is required; 4) less steam is required; 5) more evenly distributed hydrogen load; and 6) higher methane conversion are achieved. However, internal reforming also poses some flaws: 1) intolerable temperature gradients, 2) sooting, 3) need to dilute fuel with steam in order to prevent carbon depositions, 4) recirculation and incomplete shift reaction adversely affect power generation, 5) gradual catalyst deactivation due to metal particle sintering, and 6) additional catalysts may be required. Results and Accomplishments A comprehensive literature review was conducted to search for a new anode material and improvements of the traditional nickel cermet anode capable of in-stack reforming. Two promising research directions have been identified: redox tolerant anode concept, and a new anode for internal reforming. A multipurpose test rig was designed and built to enable anode materials testing in-house (see Figure 1). The test rig consisted of an electric furnace, a potentiostate, gas supplying/controlling system, and computer monitoring of anode and cathode temperatures. Electrolyte-supported cells can be tested both in hydrogen and methane by potentiometric and impedance spectroscopy techniques with the future possibility of simultaneous gas analyzing. PNNL’s cell fabrication technique was adopted for manufacturing two- and three-electrode cells for the test in that rig.
Figure 1. Configuration of the testing setup Summary and Conclusions A comprehensive literature search was conducted. Promising research directions were identified, and testing equipment was designed and built. References Primdahl S and M Mogensen. 1999. Proc. of the 6th Int. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Symp., (S.C. Singhal, M. Dokiya, Eds.), PV 99-19. The Electrochemical Society, Inc., Pennington, New Jersey p. 530. van Berkel FPF, FH van Heuveln, and JPP Huijsmans. 1993. Solid State Ionics, 72, 636. Materials Science and Technology 315
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Laboratory Directed Research and De
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Computational Science and Engineeri
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Policy and Management Sciences Asse
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Introduction Department of Energy O
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5. After reviews by the Technical a
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• The Technical Council peer revi
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methods applicable to combustion, s
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Summary Each national laboratory mu
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Study Control Number: PN0004/1411 A
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Table 1. Positive and negative ions
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m/z Arbitrary Units Figure 1. Mass
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introduce low-volatility compounds
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arrangement, but the charge is reta
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two liquid chromatographic gradient
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Integrated Microfabricated Devices
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Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Io
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Molecular Beam Synthesis and Charac
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temperature distribution of the des
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expected to result in significant a
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Study Control Number: PN99069/1397
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Seuss DT and KA Prather. 1999. “M
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Analysis of Receptor-Modulated Ion
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laboratory (Lu and Xie 1997; Lu et
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Automated DNA Fingerprinting Microa
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Comparison of 4 Xanthomonas Isolate
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Approach Hematopoietic (bone marrow
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Anti-Human lgG Human lgG Protein G
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Characterization of Global Gene Reg
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PCR products for immobilization on
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identify novel proteins of importan
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Immunoprecipitaton of tyrosinephosp
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Coupled NMR and Confocal Microscopy
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In the optical microscopy image, th
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Development and Applications of a M
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Figure 3. Hepa-1 cells undergoing a
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cellular processing (such as post-t
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8. Initial demonstration of an off-
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expression systems for several year
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accumulation of protein products, i
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Fungal Conversion of Agricultural W
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Fungal Conversion of Waste Glucose/
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Summary and Conclusions We demonstr
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are shown in Figure 1(a) and 1(b),
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Anchorage-Independent Growth (% con
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selection of seedlings demonstratin
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NMR-Based Structural Genomics Micha
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Solution-State Structure and Fold-C
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Plant Root Exudates and Microbial G
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98 99 100 6 7 10 3 1 12 11 15 16 17
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Summary and Conclusions • The gre
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Jones-Oliveira JB, JS Oliveira, HE
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• securely moves files to a targe
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Plenary invited lecture, “The Ele
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Figure 1. X3DGEN tetrahedral mesh o
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Figure 5a. OSO volume rendering of
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Development of Models of Cell-Signa
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SOS p 23 EGFR Professor Rodland at
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Oliveira JS, JB Jones-Oliveira, and
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Figure 2. Associating a dataset mar
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to 1) incorporate three-dimensional
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shown in Figure 1. Simulated result
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HostBuilder: A Tool for the Combina
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Invariant Discretization Methods fo
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Graphics, Inc., workstation. The co
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Mixed Hamiltonian Methods for Geoch
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guyanaite, and grimaldiite (see Fig
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in the Environmental Molecular Scie
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Simulation and Modeling of Electroc
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Summary and Conclusions We implemen
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Since the implementation of the gen
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asis of previous performance, perce
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Bioinformatics for High-Throughput
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Summary and Conclusions In previous
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User Cat - Supervisor (client) Anal
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The second goal was to research way
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Figure 1. A visualization technique
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and interactions. The flexibility o
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Figure 4. A filtered version of Fig
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Development of Modeling Tools for J
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Figure 2. Schematic of experimental
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Integrated Modeling and Simulation
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 1. Results o
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Thurman DA. August 2000. Collaborat
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MARC Input initial m esh and result
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(Johnson 1999; Colligan 1999; Gould
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Modeling of High-Velocity Forming f
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Global divergence error 1 10 -14 0
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that users were unlikely to appreci
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Earth System Science
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the lateral extent of the plume so
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Biogeochemical Processes and Microb
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Analyses of populations of viable a
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The first task was to establish fiv
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purged for 2 minutes. The gas sampl
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developing code architecture to min
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Berkowitz, CM. June 2000. “Atmosp
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environmental monitoring, 2) portab
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corresponded to a current density o
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Enhancing Emissions Pre-Processing
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Environmental Fate and Effects of D
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nitrogen and unpredictable eutrophi
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Figure 1. Ordinary kriging of 2 m d
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precipitation of calcite occurred i
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Interrelationships Between Processe
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phenanthrene resistant fraction con
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injection of an immiscible gas phas
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still some key kinetic issues that
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Application of a Crop Model The res
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The Nature, Occurrence, and Origin
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Particle number concentration, 1/cm
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geometry optimized AlOOH and FeOOH
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allowable parameters using thermody
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TCE + 3H + + 3Fe 2+ Fe)=> acetylene
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Use of Shear-Thinning Fluids for In
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concentration of 0.5% AMX was the m
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Roberts AL, LA Totten, WA Arnold, D
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Page 324 and 325: High Power Density Solid Oxide Fuel
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to 300°C and 400°C. Unfortunately
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Summary and Conclusions Transmutati
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Advanced Calibration/Registration T
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Figure 1a. Violet filter Figure 1b.
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Autonomous Ultrasonic Probe for Pro
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containing nitrous oxide, an optica
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Chemical Detection Using Cavity Enh
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Figure 3 is a color rendered simula
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appropriate study has been performe
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Exploitation of Conventional Chemic
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Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the impa
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enefits of using a modified spread-
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Single Channel Signal 0.0025 0.0020
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Therefore, in order to extract the
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A next-generation technology is nee
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Wind Dir. Figure 2. Negative ion co
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Volumetric Imaging of Materials by
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amplitude and peak frequency change
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Figure 3. 13 C NMR spectrum of corn
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Approach Two flow loops, one that o
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Modification of Ion Exchange Resins
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Permanganate Treatment for the Deco
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minimized by medium exchange. After
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Figure 1. Thermogravimetric analysi
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Validation and Scale-Up of Monosacc
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Concentration (g/100g solution) Con
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Analysis of High-Volume, Hyper-Dime
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ecent figure of merit values. Shoul
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Probabilistic Methods Development f
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a) Traditional PCA-based process co
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Acronyms and Abbreviations 2-D two-
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PNNL-13501 - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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