Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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Storage capacity for exporters is much larger than those of domestic traders. Comparing exporters, average storage capacity is nearly 4 times greater in the North (434 tons) than in the South (112 tons). By contrast, domestic traders in both North and South Viet Nam have storage capacities of about 49 tons on average. Generally, fruit and vegetable traders plan to acquire no new land for their businesses needs over the next couple years. Overall, with the exception of exporters located in the North, most traders (95 percent) have enough land available for their businesses operations. Expected land use by fruit and vegetable traders in Viet Nam will remain relatively unchanged at about 1.1 hectares of land, on average (see Table 4-4). In general, crop production area is projected to increase to 72.7 percent of land area from 67.4 percent at present, unused land area is expected to decline from 11.2 percent to 9.2 percent, and presumably due to misallocation, agroprocessing related land is expected to decline as a proportion of total land area from 17.7 percent to 14.3 percent of land area. 5 Labor 5.1 Workforce characteristics Fresh fruit and vegetable exporters and large domestic traders employ about 47 people on average. Exporters typically employ more workers and pay higher wages than domestic traders. Traders in the South, also generally pay higher wages than their competitors located in the North. While most traders employ family members, only 43 percent of the businesses in the sample employ skilled labor. Exporters and domestic traders located in the South have the highest proportion of skilled workers in their work force, and pay higher wages than their counterparts in the North. Overall, 38 percent of the fresh fruit and vegetable traders in the sample employ unskilled permanent workers. Exporters and Southern traders typically have a higher proportion of unskilled workers in their work force than domestic traders and traders in the North. Conversely, domestic traders in the North and exporters in the South, pay higher wages to temporary laborers than to their unskilled workers. The difference in wage may reflect differences in labor markets or hiring practices. Often firms hire unskilled workers on a permanent basis at a higher than temporary labor wage in order to retain good employees. Finally, nearly 86 percent of traders of fresh fruits and vegetables also hire temporary laborers. Temporary laborers, hired on a part-time or seasonal basis, are often vital to firms because of seasonal or otherwise regular or irregular temporary increases in trading or processing volumes. On average, fresh fruit and vegetable traders hire 32.6 temporary laborers. Although the work is seasonal or part-time, laborers are usually employed for a total period of about 6 months per year (3.6 days per week). Exporters also typically hire a larger number of temporary laborers (105.9) than do domestic Chapter 4. Fruit and Vegetable Traders Page 4-4
traders (16.2). Wages paid by exporters and traders in the South, are generally higher than those offered by domestic traders and Northern fruit and vegetable traders. 5.2 Gender and the workforce Women comprise about 52.8 percent of permanent workers in the South, but make up only 39.5 percent of the permanent employees of businesses in the North. Over the past five years, the male-female composition of the workforce has remained relatively constant. Female workers are employed less frequently by trader businesses. Male laborers on average receive wages that are higher than their female counterparts. Regardless of employment category, the differential between male and female wages is highest among traders in the South, particularly among the exporters. 5.3 Worker training Overall, about 84 and 14 percent of the permanent employees of domestic traders developed their skills through self study, and through on the job training, respectively. By contrast, only 26 percent of the employees of exporting firms developed their skills through self study. Rather exporter employees primarily developed their skills through on the job training (32 percent) and university studies (32 percent). About 14 percent of marketing firms consider the skills and training of their workforce to be seriously deficient. The problem is most serious for traders located in the South (22 percent) and for exporters (21 percent). Even though their firms could benefit from additional training in business management and the marketing of products, less than 4 percent of firms are planning to send employees on training programs to improve the skills of their workforce. The primary reason is due to the lack of availability of suitable training programs. The problem is most severe in the North, were two-thirds of traders do not have access to relevant training. Firms also site the cost of the courses in terms of employee time. Overall, time was a more important factor than money for affected businesses. 6 Capital 6.1 Start-up capital As noted previously, traders of fresh fruits and vegetables are primarily private businesses. Family and friends were the principal source of startup capital for these privately-owned fruit and vegetable traders (see Table 4-5). Overall, 92 percent of private traders began their businesses with capital from their immediate family. In addition, 39 and 36 percent of the private businesses also obtained startup capital from friends and other family, and from commercial banks, respectively. Domestic traders are more likely to obtain startup funds and obtain a larger share of their total startup from commercial banks than exporters. Chapter 4. Fruit and Vegetable Traders Page 4-5
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
Page 77 and 78: The most popular tomato varieties a
Page 79 and 80: 5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
Page 81 and 82: Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
Page 83 and 84: The amount of manure used by dragon
Page 85 and 86: Producers generally do not rent sto
Page 87 and 88: For longan and litchi producers the
Page 89 and 90: contractors while 97 percent said t
Page 91 and 92: Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
Page 93 and 94: percent had access to a telephone,
Page 95 and 96: 9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
Page 97 and 98: 10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
Page 99 and 100: these laborers account for about ha
Page 101 and 102: Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
Page 103 and 104: Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
Page 105 and 106: Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
Page 107 and 108: Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
Page 109 and 110: Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
Page 111 and 112: Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
Page 113 and 114: Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
Page 115 and 116: Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
Page 117 and 118: Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
Page 119 and 120: Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
Page 121 and 122: Table 3-36 Extension services provi
Page 123 and 124: Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
Page 125 and 126: 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
Page 127: elated activities. The large differ
Page 131 and 132: Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
Page 133 and 134: The average exporter was a member o
Page 135 and 136: About 85 percent of fruit and veget
Page 137 and 138: Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
Page 139 and 140: domestic traders. In the South, onl
Page 141 and 142: traders used refrigerated trucks to
Page 143 and 144: price information in domestic and i
Page 145 and 146: The average trader in employed 47 w
Page 147 and 148: Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
Page 149 and 150: Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
Page 151 and 152: Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
Page 153 and 154: Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
Page 155 and 156: Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
Page 157 and 158: Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
Page 159 and 160: Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
Page 161: Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
Page 164 and 165: operating expenses, and profits of
Page 166 and 167: The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
Page 168 and 169: processors wanting to access more l
Page 170 and 171: private farms and traders, together
Page 172 and 173: processors taking no action to ensu
Page 174 and 175: The most common types of processed
Page 176 and 177: while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
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Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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