Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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information about agricultural production methods, marketing, and constraints, but they have the advantage of being based on nationally-representative stratified random sample. These surveys are used here to examine the patterns and trends in fruit and vegetable production (see Chapter 2) and consumption (see Chapter 7). Finally, the project carried out two smaller informal surveys to supplement the survey data. First, an informal survey of institutions that support the fruit and vegetable sector was carried out in June 2001. This survey involved informal interviews with key informants at research institutes, departments of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, seed companies, testing and inspections services, and international consultants. The results are reported in Chapter 8. Second, an informal survey of retail outlets was conducted in Hanoi. The results are used to supplement the description of consumption patterns in Chapter 7. 6 Organization of the report This report is divided into nine chapters. Chapter 2 provides an overview of fruit and vegetable production patterns and trends in Vietnam, based on statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the 1992-93 and 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Surveys. Chapter 3 focuses on the production and marketing patterns of specialized fruit and vegetable growers, based on the IFPRI-MARD Survey of Fruit and Vegetable Producers carried out as part of this project. In Chapter 4, we describe the results of the IFPRI-MARD Survey of Fruit and Vegetable Traders, most of whom are involved in some form of post-harvest value-added activities. Chapter 5 summarizes the results of the IFPRI-MARD Survey of Fruit and Vegetable Processors, which provides information on their size, capacity, procurement procedures, marketing, sales and costs of operations, and sources of information. In Chapter 6, we review secondary data regarding the growth and composition of Vietnamese fruit and vegetable exports. Chapter 7 describes fruit and vegetable consumption patterns, based on the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys and an informal survey of retailers. In Chapter 8, we examine the role of government institutions and investments in supporting the fruit and vegetable sector in Vietnam, including research institutes, seed companies, and inspection services. Finally, Chapter 9 summarizes the findings of this study and draws some implications for policies to support the fruit and vegetable sector, with emphasis on the post-harvest activities. Chapter 1 Introduction Page 1-8
Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fruit and vegetable production This chapter reviews the trends and patterns in fruit and vegetable production in Vietnam. First, we use production data to examine the trends in fruit and vegetable production. This section shows that fruit and vegetable production have grown rapidly, but there is wide variation across commodities and regions. Second, we examine nationally representative survey data to describe the characteristics of fruit and vegetable growers. The results suggest that the vast majority of rural Vietnamese household grow fruits and vegetables, and that the share of production that is sold is quite high. At the same time, the number of farms that rely on fruit and vegetable sales for a significant portion of their income is quite small. Third, we review the results of a survey of specialized fruit and vegetable growers carried out this project in 2001. The survey finds that fruit and vegetable production can be quite profitable, but that farmers are constrained by poor genetic material, limited production and marketing information, and difficulties in maintaining a stable market for their output. 1 Trends in fruit and vegetable production Official statistics indicate that, during 1975-1980, the annual growth in area planted was 5.9 percent for annual crops and 15.1 percent for perennial crops. It is not surprising that perennial crop area would grow rapidly so quickly: the advent of peace provided an opportunity for cooperatives and state farms to make long-term investments. On the other hand, it is difficult to reconcile the rapid growth in annual crop area, with other figures showing that food production declined in per capita terms over this period (Tran Cong Kim, 1996: 203). In any case, annual crop area was almost stagnant over the decade of the 1980s, while perennial crop output grew at 6.3 percent. During the 1990s, annual crop area expanded at 2.9 percent, somewhat higher than the rate of population growth, while perennial crop area grew by 7.7 percent. In spite of the higher growth rate for perennial crops during all three period, these crops still account for just 15 percent of the 12 million hectares cultivated in Vietnam (see Table 2-1). Of the 10.4 million hectares planted with annual crops, food crops account for 8.9 million hectares (“food” includes rice, maize, sweet potatoes, and cassava). The area planted with food crops was almost unchanged during the 1980s, while the area with vegetables and beans grew at 3.6 percent. Growth accelerated in the 1990s, with the area planted with vegetables and beans growing at 5 percent per year. Even after this growth, vegetables and beans represent just 6 percent of annual crop area and 5 percent of total crop area (see Table 2-2). Of the 1.8 million hectares planted with perennial crops, multi-year industrial crops account for 1.2 million hectares or 73 percent of the total. The area planted with multi-year industrial crops has grown more rapidly than that of fruit crops. Much of this growth is due to the dramatic expansion Chapter 2. Patterns and trends in fruit and vegetable production Page 2-1
Page 1: Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
Page 4 and 5: Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
Page 13 and 14: Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
Page 19 and 20: quality. In addition, they may face
Page 21 and 22: This, in turn, creates an incentive
Page 23: definition is also convenient becau
Page 27 and 28: south, and different varieties of l
Page 29 and 30: fruits and vegetables. Because of t
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
Page 33 and 34: and to fruits, for which the corres
Page 35 and 36: 2.4 Input use How widespread is the
Page 37 and 38: • The calculations do not take in
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
Page 41 and 42: 1993, the share of output sold was
Page 43 and 44: Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
Page 49 and 50: Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
Page 51 and 52: Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
Page 53 and 54: Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
Page 55 and 56: Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
Page 57 and 58: Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
Page 59 and 60: Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
Page 61 and 62: Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
Page 63 and 64: Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
Page 65 and 66: Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
Page 67 and 68: Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
Page 69 and 70: Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
Page 71 and 72: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
Page 73 and 74: 2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
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Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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