Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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was obliged to cover its cost with contracts from provincial departments of agriculture, training programs, and the sale of driers. Now that PHTI is again with MARD, it receives roughly 60 percent of its budget from MARD, 30 percent from MOSTE, and 10 percent from contracts with state enterprises and provincial departments of agriculture. The goal of PHTI is to produce and disseminate new technology that will reduce post-harvest losses, expand markets for agricultural commodities, and generally increase farmer income. The technology is intended to serve the needs of small- and medium-sized farmers. PHTI is composed of two centers, the headquarters in the north (Hanoi) and a center in the south (Ho Chi Minh City). Although PHTI/North and PHTI/South are administratively linked, the research and extension activities of each are distinct and relatively independent. PHTI/North works mainly on rice, cassava, fruits and vegetables, and cashewnuts. In the area of post-harvest processing of fruits and vegetables, PHTI/North concentrates on litchi , longan, and plums 3 . Traditional litchi driers use smoke to dry the fruit, but the smoke flavor meant that it could only be exported to China where this flavor is appreciated. PHTI has developed a drier that dries the fruit more quickly and does not use smoke. The cost of the drier is about VND 1.2 million, so it is within the reach of commercial litchi growers. Several training courses have been given on the use of the new drier and over 300 of them have been sold to farmers. In 2001, PHTI began a new research program, funded by Vegetexco, on post-harvest processing of plums. The focus will be on preserving fresh plums for the domestic market and the making of plum jam for export. In 2000, Vegetexco exported 100 tons of plum jam to Russia and other countries formerly in the Soviet Union. Vegetexc o hopes to expand plum jam exports to 1000 tons. The southern branch of PHTI used to focus almost exclusively on milling and other postharvest activities associated with rice production. The emphasis has shifted over time, however, and currently most of the work of PHTI/South is devoted to post-harvest processing of fruits, primarily longan and dragon fruit. This work focuses on methods for drying and packaging, control of maturation to lengthen the harvest period, storage, and some research on control of fruit flies. PHTI/South seems to rely more heavily on contract work and less on MARD funding. According to the Assistant Director of PHTI/South, this center receives just 10 percent of its funding from MARD and about 90 percent from contract work. Most of the contracts are with provincial departments of agriculture who need assistance in marketing fruit produced by farmers in the province. In addition, PHTI/South is contracted by state-owned enterprises and universities to provide equipment and/or training in post-harvest methods 4 . 3 The information on PHTI/North is based mainly on an interview with Dr. Nguyen Kim Vu, Director of the Post-Harvest Technology Institute. 4 This information is based on an interview with Ngo Trieu Hong Ha, Assistant Director of PHTI in Ho Chi Minh City on 12 June 2001. Chapter 8. Role of government Page 8-4
3 Seed supply system One of the main avenues for delivering new technology to farmers is through the seed supply system. The quality of seeds and planting material have a large influence on the yields, disease resistance, and market value of the harvested output. Because they differ in many respects, we consider vegetable seed and fruit tree planting material separately. 3.1 Vegetable seed supply Although statistics are difficult to obtain, seed specialists believe that most of the vegetable seed sold in Vietnam is imported. According to figures from the General Department of Customs, seed imports were about US$ 4.6 million in 1999 5 . Although this figure is not specifically for vegetable seed, it is likely that vegetable seed represents a large share of this figure. This is because vegetable seeds are more internationally-traded than other seeds, in part due to their higher value per kilogram compared to other seeds. Of the total value, about 43 percent was imported from Thailand and 27 percent from Japan. The largest seed companies in Vietnam are the two state-owned enterprises affiliated with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. The National Seed Company No. 1 is responsible for providing seed for the north of the country. It sells mainly imported seed. National Seed Company No. 2, more widely known as the Southern Seed Company, is responsible for the South. This company sells hybrid maize seed, bean seed, vegetable seed, rice seed, grain processing equipment, and other agricultural materials. In 2000, the gross revenue of the Southern Seed Company was VND 66 billion. Hybrid maize seed is their most important product, accounting for 65 percent of the total revenue. Vegetable and watermelon seed is second in importance after maize, accounting for 20 percent of the total. Vegetable seed sales have grown rapidly, rising from VND 2.8 billion in 1996 to VND 13 billion in 2000. Currently, the company sells 30 different varieties of vegetable seed, including both imported and locally produced seed. Since vegetable seed offers the company the highest margin, the goal is to increase sales in this area 6 . The Southern Seed Company is involved in three activities in vegetable seed: the purification and selection of open-pollinated varieties, the importation and selection of vegetable seed, and the production of hybrid seed varieties. The company produces hybrids of watermelon, tomato, chili, and bitterwort, though hybrids represent a small share of the total. 5 This figure refers to imports under code 1209 described as “Seeds, fruit, and spores, of a kind used for sowing” in the Vietnam Customs Yearbook on Foreign Merchandise Trade – 1999 on page 469. 6 Information about the Southern Seed Company is based mainly on interviews with Ngo Van Giao, Director of the company, Nguyen Van Thanh, Deputy Director, Dinh Van Bich, Marketing Manager, and Nguyen Hoang Tuan, Manager of the Department of Production. Chapter 8. Role of government Page 8-5
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
Page 209 and 210: Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
Page 211 and 212: As a result, China is the largest e
Page 213 and 214: short distance, belonging to AFTA,
Page 215 and 216: In September 1999, the government i
Page 217 and 218: Of course, expanding exports cannot
Page 219 and 220: The past five years, there has been
Page 221 and 222: Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
Page 223 and 224: Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
Page 225 and 226: Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
Page 227 and 228: Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
Page 229 and 230: 1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
Page 231 and 232: the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
Page 233 and 234: Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
Page 235 and 236: The results of the demand analysis
Page 237 and 238: Of the ten categories of fruits and
Page 239 and 240: 5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
Page 241 and 242: ands, but additional products can b
Page 243 and 244: Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
Page 245 and 246: Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
Page 247 and 248: Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
Page 249 and 250: Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
Page 255: Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
Page 258 and 259: In recognition of the marketing pro
Page 262 and 263: The company has a staff of 200 work
Page 264 and 265: Given this background, it would be
Page 266 and 267: 4 Plant protection Plant protection
Page 268 and 269: attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
Page 270 and 271: options are understood, the final s
Page 272 and 273: gave them the contacts and marketin
Page 274 and 275: 7 Summary and conclusions The insti
Page 276 and 277: combination of random testing in th
Page 278 and 279: just over half (54 percent) of the
Page 280 and 281: government institutions, particular
Page 282 and 283: The average gross revenue among the
Page 284 and 285: smaller processors experienced a gr
Page 286 and 287: household category (83 percent of w
Page 288 and 289: growers, forcing them to improve ef
Page 290 and 291: The government should facilitate pr
Page 292 and 293: countries are becoming increasingly
Page 295 and 296: Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
Page 297: Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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