Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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just over half (54 percent) of the fruit and vegetable output is marketed. These regional patterns are partly related to the larger average farm size in the South. There is conflicting evidence regarding the extent of fertilizer and pesticide use among fruits and vegetable producers. According to the Vietnam Living Standards Survey, less than half (47 percent) the vegetable growers apply fertilizer and less than one-quarter (22 percent) use pesticides. The VLSS indicates that the percentage of fruit growers using either product is even less. Yet, agricultural experts insist that fertilizer and pesticides are used by a majority of fruit and vegetable growers. It is not clear if the VLSS under-estimates pesticide use or if the experts are referring more commercial growers rather than the typical grower. Barely one-third of vegetable growers purchase seed in a given year, implying that the use of recycled seed is widespread. This suggests that agronomic research and improvement of the seed supply system are important avenue for raising productivity in the sector. Vegetable production is often more profitable than production of rice, but not always. The net revenue of vegetables is often above VND 10 million per hectare. By comparison, the net revenue for rice and other staple food crops is in the range of VND 4-6 million per hectare. On the other hand, vegetable production is significantly more labor-intensive than rice production, and its profitability is subject to problems of market access and price instability. Over the 1990s, fruit and vegetable production has become more widespread. The percentage of Vietnamese farmers growing fruits and vegetables has increased from 78 percent in 1993 to 85 percent in 1998. Although the percentage has not changed in the Northern Uplands (where 96 percent already grew fruits and vegetables in 1993), nor in the two Deltas, it has grown significantly in the three central regions and in the Southeast. Fruit and vegetable production has become more common among poor farmers, as well as among those with higher incomes. The degree of commercialization of the fruit and vegetable sector has also increased over the 1990s. The number of fruit and vegetable growers selling part of their output has increased from 65 to 70 percent and the share of output sold has risen from 59 to 68 percent. The increase in the share of output sold is greatest among the poorest farmers and among farmers in the Central Highlands. Chapter 9. Conclusions and Policy Implications Page 9-2
1.2 Commercial growers of fruits and vegetables Most of the growers in the sample started growing fruits and vegetables since 1990. This reflects the rapid growth in fruit and vegetable production and the expansion in the number of growers since the economic reforms were launched. Three-quarters of household income for farmers in the sample came from fruit and vegetable production. This reflects the characteristics of the sample, which was intended to focus on specialized, commercial growers of fruits and vegetables. Commercial fruit growers tend to specialize in one crop, while commercial vegetable growers may grow several vegetables. Income from post-harvest processing was quite small (3.5 percent of total income). Longan and litchi producers had the greatest income from processing activities, corresponding to the drying activities of these growers. For fruit and vegetable production (not including processing) citrus and mango producers had the highest income while tomato producers had the lowest income. The growers in the sample felt that the profitability of fruit and vegetable production was good. On the other hand, the profitability was judged somewhat lower than in the previous year. The majority of producers cited adverse weather conditions as being responsible for the change in profitability, followed by the market price and then the volume of trade. The most common type of labor used for agricultural purposes is family labor. Virtually all farms used family labor (both male and female) for agricultural production and over two-thirds of the farms used only family labor. Male and female family members appear to contribute equally to fruit and vegetable production. Temporary male and female labor were each hired by about one-quarter of the producers, but these laborers account for about half the total number of person-days of labor. Women account for more than half the temporary laborers. The management systems for fruit and vegetable production are not particularly advanced. The majority of producers rely on mechanical irrigation systems and canal irrigation where possible, but the usage of tube and drip irrigation is virtually nonexistent. Very few producers are using windbreaks or netting for crop protection. The vast majority of producers use pesticides to control for insect attack, with biological control and integrated pest management being rare. In general, producers rely on other farmers to provide seeds and organic manure, and on private traders to provide virtually everything else. Some specialty items, such as cuttings and seedlings for fruit production are purchased from state enterprises and Chapter 9. Conclusions and Policy Implications Page 9-3
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
Page 227 and 228: Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
Page 229 and 230: 1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
Page 231 and 232: the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
Page 233 and 234: Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
Page 235 and 236: The results of the demand analysis
Page 237 and 238: Of the ten categories of fruits and
Page 239 and 240: 5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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Page 243 and 244: Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
Page 245 and 246: Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
Page 247 and 248: Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
Page 249 and 250: Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
Page 255: Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
Page 258 and 259: In recognition of the marketing pro
Page 260 and 261: was obliged to cover its cost with
Page 262 and 263: The company has a staff of 200 work
Page 264 and 265: Given this background, it would be
Page 266 and 267: 4 Plant protection Plant protection
Page 268 and 269: attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
Page 270 and 271: options are understood, the final s
Page 272 and 273: gave them the contacts and marketin
Page 274 and 275: 7 Summary and conclusions The insti
Page 276 and 277: combination of random testing in th
Page 280 and 281: government institutions, particular
Page 282 and 283: The average gross revenue among the
Page 284 and 285: smaller processors experienced a gr
Page 286 and 287: household category (83 percent of w
Page 288 and 289: growers, forcing them to improve ef
Page 290 and 291: The government should facilitate pr
Page 292 and 293: countries are becoming increasingly
Page 295 and 296: Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
Page 297: Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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