Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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Given this background, it would be unnecessary and over-ambitious to implement a program of testing vegetable seed for varietal purity and seed health. Initially, it would probably be sufficient to establish germination standards for vegetable seeds which can be used in the resolution of problems faced by seed users. Voluntary certification could be offered by state and private institutions for seed companies that feel they would benefit from such a label. The case of fruit seedlings is different, partly because a fruit tree takes years to come to maturity. Thus, if a company sells bad seedlings, the effect on its sales and reputation are delayed for several years. This creates a stronger justification for public intervention in fruit seedling testing and certification. One option would be to implement a program of voluntary certification of seedling health based on field inspection and market-level testing. In the short-term, the supply of disease-free seedlings to too small to impose mandatory standards on seedling health. In the longer term, however, Vietnam should move in the direction of requiring a minimum level of seedling quality through mandatory testing. The testing fruit seedlings could be carried out by the Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI), by the Department of Plant Protection of MARD, or by a new unit within the Ministry. Although SOFRI has the technical expertise necessary, it is not clear that it would have the administrative capacity to test fruit seedlings on a national level. Provincial Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development have the administrative structure, but not the expertise. Both SOFRI and the provincial authorities face conflict of interest issues because they sell fruit seedlings themselves. One option would be for SOFRI to establish the procedures and criteria for testing, provide training to provincial staff, and certify the ability of the provincial authorities to certify. The issue of conflict of interest would have to be solved, either by equitization of provincial seed companies or by ensuring that the certification service is independent of both the seed companies and political interference. Trademark protection Although competition among seed companies is usually fair, sometimes seed companies use variety names that are similar or identical to the names of varieties sold by other companies. Several examples were identified in interviews with seed market participants: • The Southern Seed Company developed a new hybrid watermelon variety and named it Antiem 95. The variety was popular and, within a short time, another companies was selling a watermelon variety called AT 95. • Gino Ltd. sells a variety of tomato called “Ca chua No. 5”. Since the release of this variety, other seed companies have started selling tomato seeds with the same name. • In Tien Giang, a farmer registered a variety name for durian fruit, but the name was already in widespread use. The issue has been taken to court to resolve. • An international seed company is reported to be interested in selling its hybrid maize in Vietnam, but it has not because of the lack of copyright protection for its varietal name. Chapter 8. Role of government Page 8-8
The most obvious cost is that farmers buy what they think is one variety and often get something else. In addition, effective lack of copyright protection hurts the producer of the original variety. Less obvious but perhaps more important is the effect on research. The incentive to produce new varieties is weakened if the researcher/investor fears that someone may steal the name of a successful variety. Seed import policy The issue in seed importation is to balance the interest in allowing free flow of potentially useful new varieties with the interest in protecting local agriculture from possibly negative effects of diseases and pests in the imported planting material. Currently, the importation of seed is not very complicated. The management of the Southern Seed Company believes that vegetable seed imports are too easy. They argue that vegetable seed importers should be required to either submit to MARD the results of testing it has carried out in Vietnam or to contract the testing to local research institutes. On the other hand, it is not clear that the government should require local vegetable seed companies to demonstrate that its products are varietally pure, high-yielding, and disease resistant. As noted above, even in industrialized countries, there is no certification of quality or varietal purity for vegetable seed. If the principle of “standard vegetable seed” discussed earlier is adopted, then there is no reason for the government to set a higher standard for imported seed. Box 8-2. International trade in genetic material Fruit researchers in Vietnam have expressed concern about the export of valuable fruit strains to competing countries. The most commonly cited example is the dragon fruit. At one time, Vietnam was the only producer of dragon fruit. Growers in Thailand and Taiwan were able to obtain seedlings and have developed a dragon fruit industries, exporting the fruit in competition with Vietnam. By some accounts, the Thai dragon fruit are now superior to those exported by Vietnam. Other examples include the Nam Roi pomelo and the Hoa Loc mango. Regulations require a license to import or export fruit planting materials. The regulation is intended to prevent the export of valuable strains and to block the import of low-quality or diseased planting materials. However, it is difficult to control illegal trade in planting materials. Buyers often get the materials through intermediaries or via unofficial trade at border gates. Local customs officials do not have the technical expertise to recognize valuable strains. Several solutions have been proposed. The government has recently discussed granting copyrights on genetic material, but there are many questions about the implementation of such a proposal. Professor le Van To, deputy director of the Post-Harvest Technology Institute argues that it is preferable to invest in post-harvest technology to raise fruit quality rather than new varieties. Nguyen Quy Hung of the Southern Institute for Agricultural Technology argues that controlling borders is futile; rather, Vietnam should focus on reducing its costs of production by agricultural zoning and larger-scale production. Dr. Vo Mai, president of the Vietnam Fruit Association points out that, although Vietnam has lost genetic material to some of its competitors, it has also gained from the importation of genetic material. Source: Vietnam News Service, 18 June 2001. Chapter 8. Role of government Page 8-9
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
Page 213 and 214: short distance, belonging to AFTA,
Page 215 and 216: In September 1999, the government i
Page 217 and 218: Of course, expanding exports cannot
Page 219 and 220: The past five years, there has been
Page 221 and 222: Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
Page 223 and 224: Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
Page 225 and 226: Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
Page 227 and 228: Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
Page 229 and 230: 1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
Page 231 and 232: the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
Page 233 and 234: Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
Page 235 and 236: The results of the demand analysis
Page 237 and 238: Of the ten categories of fruits and
Page 239 and 240: 5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
Page 241 and 242: ands, but additional products can b
Page 243 and 244: Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
Page 245 and 246: Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
Page 247 and 248: Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
Page 249 and 250: Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
Page 255: Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
Page 258 and 259: In recognition of the marketing pro
Page 260 and 261: was obliged to cover its cost with
Page 262 and 263: The company has a staff of 200 work
Page 266 and 267: 4 Plant protection Plant protection
Page 268 and 269: attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
Page 270 and 271: options are understood, the final s
Page 272 and 273: gave them the contacts and marketin
Page 274 and 275: 7 Summary and conclusions The insti
Page 276 and 277: combination of random testing in th
Page 278 and 279: just over half (54 percent) of the
Page 280 and 281: government institutions, particular
Page 282 and 283: The average gross revenue among the
Page 284 and 285: smaller processors experienced a gr
Page 286 and 287: household category (83 percent of w
Page 288 and 289: growers, forcing them to improve ef
Page 290 and 291: The government should facilitate pr
Page 292 and 293: countries are becoming increasingly
Page 295 and 296: Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
Page 297: Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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