Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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countries are becoming increasingly concerned with pesticide residues, bacterial contamination, and other food safety issues. One part of the strategy for addressing SPS issues is the development of institutions that can provide credible certification services. Both private and public certification services exist in Vietnam, but their capacities must be increased. Certification services (either private or public) must build and preserve an international reputation for reliability and uncorrupt ability. Even a few cases of in which contaminated food is certified can permanently damage the reputation of the service. In the case of vegetables, the certification often focuses on the level of pesticide residues. In the case of fruit, the certification often concerns phyto-sanitary issues such as fruit fly contamination. Certification of organic production can provide higher returns to farmers and reassurance to consumers (domestic and international) willing to pay extra for this feature. Another element of the SPS strategy is increased effort in pest and disease control. Under the SPS Agreement, it is in the interest of fruit and vegetable exporting countries to construct detailed inventories of the pests and diseases affecting exported fresh fruits and vegetables and to monitor diseases over time. The temptation to suppress outbreaks of pests or disease that might affect exports is great, and avoiding this temptation is one of the greatest challenges in designing a monitoring system. A third element of the SPS strategy is greater research on pesticide residues and phyto-sanitary control. Research is needed on production methods to minimize pesticide residues, bacterial contamination, and phyto-sanitary contamination, as well as post-harvest methods to treat fruits and vegetables with these problems. In the case of pesticides residues, control is relatively easy through appropriate production methods, but the challenge is getting this information to farmers and ensuring that the practices are followed. In the case of phytosanitary, the solution is more complex, involving clean planting materials, pest control, and post-harvest treatment. A fourth element in the SPS strategy is to develop bilateral SPS protocols with fruit and vegetable importing countries. These protocols involve a set of monitoring, testing, and treating procedures that, implemented all together, ensure that fruit and vegetable exports meet the standards of the importing country. Since establishing such protocols is expensive and time-consuming, efforts must be focused on commodities and importers where trade flows are (or could be) important. 2.7 Program to expand fruit and vegetable exports The program to expand fruit and vegetable exports to US$ 1.0 billion by 2010 should be reviewed with some care. It is not possible to comment extensively because it is not yet Chapter 9. Conclusions and Policy Implications Page 9-16
clear how the plan will be implemented. Certainly, greater attention and investment in the fruit and vegetable sector is justified, and it is encouraging that program has an explicit focus on exports. On the other hand, the program appears to have elements of top-down central planning, which are unlikely to succeed in the long run. If the fruit and vegetable program follows the pattern of other commodity campaigns, the national production target will be disaggregated to provincial targets. Provincial authorities will then implement the plan, persuading farmers to plant the new crop using various levers including land-use regulations, subsidized loans, the provision of subsidized inputs, pressure from extension agents, and the promise of guaranteed prices to be paid by a provincial state-owned enterprise. To the extent that farmers feel obliged to comply with the fruit and vegetable promotion campaign, this system goes against the basic principals of the doi moi reforms, which were to make the household the economic decision-making unit. It would also go against the lessons of agricultural development over the last 40 years, which indicate that programs that dictate farmers’ decisions invariably introduce inefficient production methods and reduce farm income. The dramatic growth of the Vietnamese agricultural sector since 1988 certainly confirm the principal that growth is stimulated by giving farmers decisionmaking responsibility and allowing them to capture the benefits (and losses) associated with those decisions. To the extent that farmers comply with fruit and vegetable targets because of the incentives provided, there is less chance that the household is being hurt, but one can still question the value of this use of public resources. If the subsidized prices of credit, inputs, and marketing are maintained year after year (as in the case of sugarcane), then the government has created .a distorted and inefficient market, sustained only by public subsidies. The hope that subsidized production will become more efficient over time is, based on international experience, not realistic. If the subsidies are withdrawn after a year or two, the damage is more limited, but farmers are likely to become disenchanted with such campaigns. Furthermore, the large organizational effort to manage the campaign uses the valuable time and skills of extension agents and local officials that could be better spent disseminating improved technology, providing market information, controlling plant diseases, and improving marketing infrastructure.. Rather than creating artificial price incentives for growing fruits and vegetables, the government should promote the sector by improving the public services and institutions that serve the sector. This strategy would instead devote more resources to agricultural research, extensions, plant protection, market information, marketing infrastructure, a comprehensive SPS strategy, relaxation of land-use regulations, and the removal of official and unofficial barriers to the movement of goods. Chapter 9. Conclusions and Policy Implications Page 9-17
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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Page 243 and 244: Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
Page 245 and 246: Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
Page 247 and 248: Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
Page 249 and 250: Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
Page 255: Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
Page 258 and 259: In recognition of the marketing pro
Page 260 and 261: was obliged to cover its cost with
Page 262 and 263: The company has a staff of 200 work
Page 264 and 265: Given this background, it would be
Page 266 and 267: 4 Plant protection Plant protection
Page 268 and 269: attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
Page 270 and 271: options are understood, the final s
Page 272 and 273: gave them the contacts and marketin
Page 274 and 275: 7 Summary and conclusions The insti
Page 276 and 277: combination of random testing in th
Page 278 and 279: just over half (54 percent) of the
Page 280 and 281: government institutions, particular
Page 282 and 283: The average gross revenue among the
Page 284 and 285: smaller processors experienced a gr
Page 286 and 287: household category (83 percent of w
Page 288 and 289: growers, forcing them to improve ef
Page 290 and 291: The government should facilitate pr
Page 295 and 296: Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
Page 297: Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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