Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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opposed to “Processed” market. This issue of post-harvest processing will be revisited in detail in Section 7.2. 8.1 Contracts Producers were asked information about contracts with downstream firms for fruit and vegetable production. Table 3-24 shows the number of producers, by commodity types, with contracts for fruit and vegetable production. Only 244 producers (16 percent of those surveyed) indicated that they ever had contracts for their production. The majority of the contracts (80 percent) were for pineapple and cucumber production. The majority of producers with contracts started those contracts relatively recently, with the average start date being 1995 and running for just under 4 years in duration. The average individual contract length was a little less than 2 years. Among those with contracts, almost all (90 percent) sold all of their output under contract. The majority of the contracts (80 percent) were held by producers in the North, and most of those in the North (84 percent) were in the Red River Delta, where pineapples and cucumbers are produced. The other main provinces where contracts have been arranged with producers include Hai Duong (29 percent, mainly cucumbers) and Tien Giang (25 percent, mainly pineapples). There were no significant differences between the numbers of producers with contracts across the rest of the provinces. Most producers (97 percent) indicated that the lack of buyers willing to provide contracts was the main constraint to adoption of a contract system. Of the 244 producers who had ever entered into contract arrangements with downstream firms, only 23 producers (9.4 percent) had not had a continuous contract arrangement. The reasons for this were varied, but the lack of contractors in their area (presumably due to downstream firms relocating or abandoning a contract system) and a lack of scale in production were the major reasons suggested by those respondents. At the time of the survey, 214 out of the 244 producers who ever had a contract were currently in a contract for fruit and vegetable production. Following Table 3-24, the majority of contracts were for pineapple (48 percent) and cucumbers (45 percent). The majority of contracts were with provincial stateowned processors (50 percent), central state-owned Processors (21 percent), and producer cooperatives (21 percent). This is a function of the commodity groupings, with most of the produce going to state-owned processors being pineapples and cucumbers. The contracting of fruit and vegetable production appears to be relatively stable. Of the 244 producers who ever had contracts only 6 percent said that they had changed contractors, with most of these changing due to better contract terms with other firms. Only one producer out of the 244 admitted to reneging on the terms of their contract, and that was because his crops failed and he could not supply the produce to the contractor. While almost all producers had maintained links with their contractor, the relationship between producer and contractor was not always an ideal marriage. Of the 214 producers who currently held contracts for fruit and vegetable production 10 , 81 percent said that they could not choose freely amongst different 10 214 of the 244 producers who ever held contracts were currently in contracts at the time of the survey. Chapter 3. Commercial growers of fruits and vegetables Page 3-18
contractors while 97 percent said that they were unable to work with more than one contractor at a time. Of the 244 producers who ever had contracts, 18 percent had attempted to renegotiate the terms of their contract, with 71 percent of those attempting to renegotiate the price, and 22 percent attempting to renegotiate the quantity delivered. In contrast, 14 percent (35 producers) said that their contractors at some stage had reneged on the contract with them. The main reasons for this reneging by contractors was unclear to most respondents (22 percent saying that contractors simply did not buy their produce). However, for those respondents who did know, contractors either appeared to have cash-flow problems (17 percent), the market price was lower (14 percent), or a change in variety of product negated the contract (14 percent). Reneging on contracts had a negative effect on farm business in over 77 percent (27 respondents) of the cases. No respondent indicated that they had gained financially when the contractor reneged, with the balance (23 percent) indicating no significant effect on their farm business. Despite this apparent friction between producers and contractors, 81 percent (173 of 214 respondents) indicated that they were generally satisfied with their contractor and 94 percent indicated that they intended to stay with their current contractor. It may be, however, that the willingness to stay contractually bound to a contractor is simply the result of a lack of choice among contractors, rather than an indication of satisfaction. Of those that intended on switching contractors, the majority, 67 percent, indicated that they had better opportunities with other contractors while the main reasons for dissatisfaction with their current contractor included price (39 percent), a lack of value-adding by contractors 11 (32 percent) and cheating by contractors (22 percent). As Table 3-25 shows, most contracts specify the variety to be grown (87 percent of the contracts) and the time of harvest (71 percent). About 40 percent specified that the market price would be paid, while roughly one third provided for low-cost seeds and low-cost fertilizer. Extension services are provided in 37 percent of the contractual arrangements. Most contracts had a short contractual period of a few months, that is one growing season. Pineapple and litchi producers had the longest contract periods, at between 12-15 months in duration. Most respondents with contracts (86 percent) reported that credit was provided by the buyer. The majority of the credit provided was for fertilizer and seed purchases. Table 3-26 shows that 84 percent of producers with contracts received technical support from their contractors, the majority of which was monitoring of production (52 percent) and technical training (44 percent). On average, producers received 3.7 visits in the year before the survey. Sixty-six percent of producers with contracts were satisfied with the technical support offered by contractors, with the 34 percent of producers dissatisfied wanting a better quality of service (56 percent) and more services (44 percent). 8.2 Fruit and vegetable marketing channels The questionnaire asked fruit and vegetable growers about the type of buyer and the place where the transaction took place. As Table 3-27 and Figure 3-4 show, the majority of produce is sold to assemblers and wholesalers (50 percent and 30 percent, respectively) with very little sold at other levels of the marketing 11 The response in this case was that is was “More profitable to work for oneself” Chapter 3. Commercial growers of fruits and vegetables Page 3-19
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
Page 37 and 38: • The calculations do not take in
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
Page 41 and 42: 1993, the share of output sold was
Page 43 and 44: Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
Page 49 and 50: Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
Page 51 and 52: Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
Page 53 and 54: Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
Page 55 and 56: Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
Page 57 and 58: Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
Page 59 and 60: Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
Page 61 and 62: Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
Page 63 and 64: Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
Page 65 and 66: Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
Page 67 and 68: Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
Page 69 and 70: Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
Page 71 and 72: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
Page 73 and 74: 2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
Page 75 and 76: that year, with similar patterns by
Page 77 and 78: The most popular tomato varieties a
Page 79 and 80: 5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
Page 81 and 82: Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
Page 83 and 84: The amount of manure used by dragon
Page 85 and 86: Producers generally do not rent sto
Page 87: For longan and litchi producers the
Page 91 and 92: Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
Page 93 and 94: percent had access to a telephone,
Page 95 and 96: 9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
Page 97 and 98: 10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
Page 99 and 100: these laborers account for about ha
Page 101 and 102: Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
Page 103 and 104: Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
Page 105 and 106: Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
Page 107 and 108: Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
Page 109 and 110: Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
Page 111 and 112: Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
Page 113 and 114: Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
Page 115 and 116: Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
Page 117 and 118: Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
Page 119 and 120: Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
Page 121 and 122: Table 3-36 Extension services provi
Page 123 and 124: Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
Page 125 and 126: 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
Page 127 and 128: elated activities. The large differ
Page 129 and 130: traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
Page 131 and 132: Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
Page 133 and 134: The average exporter was a member o
Page 135 and 136: About 85 percent of fruit and veget
Page 137 and 138: Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
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Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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