Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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highest concentration of female-headed farmers is higher in the North (11 percent) than in the South (4.5 percent). The most common level of education for household heads was middle school, with 47 percent of male heads of household and 58 percent of female heads of household having only completed middle school. Less than 2 percent of the heads of household have not completed primary school. About one quarter of the heads of households have at least a secondary school education. There is no significant difference between the education levels of male- and female-heads. 2.2 Labor use Labor resources available to producers include labor by family members, permanent employed labor, temporarily employed labor and in-kind labor 4 . This labor is used for fruit and vegetable production and other agricultural activities. Section 6.1 analyses the labor use in fruit and vegetable production on an activity basis for each fruit or vegetable. This section analyzes labor use in terms of labor type on a regional basis. The most common type of labor used for agricultural purposes is family labor. Table 3-3 shows that 98 percent of the farms utilized family labor (both male and female) for agricultural production. More than two-thirds of the grower households used only family labor, while the remaining 31 percent used some hired labor. Temporary male and female labor were used by 27 and 25 percent of producers, respectively. However, those farms that do use temporary labor for agricultural production hire, on average, 5.5 temporary male and 6.7 temporary female laborers for about 40 days each. As a result, temporary workers account for about half of the workforce and family members the other half. Permanent workers are quite rare, found in less than 2 percent of the farms. On average, the number of days per worker per year for agricultural labor is approximately 153 days. Agricultural wages average VND 20 thousand per day. Female workers appear to earn about 5-10 percent less than similar male workers. There are also large regional gaps in wage rates. Temporary workers in the North are paid VND 14.5 thousand per day, while those in the south receive VND 25.9 thousand per day. These differences in cash wages may reflect differences in off-farm opportunities, land/labor ratios, and/or differences in patterns of non-monetary compensation (such as provision of meals). 2.3 Experience with fruits and vegetables Most fruit and vegetable producers began operations relatively recently. About one-half of the respondents started growing fruits and vegetables since 1990 and two-thirds since 1986. These figures do not simply reflect the year the household starting farming. In 1990, 96 percent of the household heads were at least 18 years old, so in most cases they grew other crops before starting to produce fruits and vegetables. This suggests that the economic reforms have facilitated the transition from subsistence crop production to the production of higher-value commercial crops such as fruits and vegetables. 4 No respondents used in-kind labor while only 11 respondents out of 1505 indicated that they hired permanent workers on their farms (total workforce of 19 males and 22 females with an average of 2.3 workers per farm), and 9 Chapter 3. Commercial growers of fruits and vegetables Page 3-2
2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respondents were asked to detail the revenue obtained from various sources. Overall, the annual average total revenue was VND 40 million. Almost three-quarters of this income (74 percent) was obtained from fruit and vegetable production. Other agricultural income contributed 17 percent of total, nonagricultural income 6 percent, and fruit and vegetable processing 3.5 percent. Producers in the South had significantly higher total income compared to their counterparts in the North. Producers in the North had significantly greater incomes from non-fruit and vegetable agricultural activities and processing, but those in the South had significantly greater incomes from fruit and vegetable and non-agricultural activities (see Figure 3-1). Figure 3-1. Size and composition of household income Income (million VND) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 North South Avreage F&V processing Non-ag Other ag F&V production Longan and litchi producers had the greatest income from processing activities (VND 3.8 and 9.1 million, respectively). This corresponds with post-harvest processing (mostly drying) of longan and litchi described later in this report. Citrus and mango producers had the highest income from fruit and vegetable production (VND 54 and 55 million, respectively). This compares with a low of VND 14 million dong for tomato producers. Female-headed households had significantly lower total revenue (VND 27 million) compared with male-headed households (VND 42 million). This difference is due to the fact that female-headed households have less revenue from fruit and vegetable production and less from non-farm activities. respondents (with an overlap of 3 respondents) indicated that they also hired permanent workers in indirect positions (an average of 1.2 workers). Chapter 3. Commercial growers of fruits and vegetables Page 3-3
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
Page 21 and 22: This, in turn, creates an incentive
Page 23 and 24: definition is also convenient becau
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
Page 27 and 28: south, and different varieties of l
Page 29 and 30: fruits and vegetables. Because of t
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
Page 33 and 34: and to fruits, for which the corres
Page 35 and 36: 2.4 Input use How widespread is the
Page 37 and 38: • The calculations do not take in
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
Page 41 and 42: 1993, the share of output sold was
Page 43 and 44: Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
Page 49 and 50: Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
Page 51 and 52: Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
Page 53 and 54: Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
Page 55 and 56: Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
Page 57 and 58: Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
Page 59 and 60: Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
Page 61 and 62: Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
Page 63 and 64: Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
Page 65 and 66: Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
Page 67 and 68: Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
Page 69 and 70: Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
Page 71: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
Page 75 and 76: that year, with similar patterns by
Page 77 and 78: The most popular tomato varieties a
Page 79 and 80: 5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
Page 81 and 82: Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
Page 83 and 84: The amount of manure used by dragon
Page 85 and 86: Producers generally do not rent sto
Page 87 and 88: For longan and litchi producers the
Page 89 and 90: contractors while 97 percent said t
Page 91 and 92: Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
Page 93 and 94: percent had access to a telephone,
Page 95 and 96: 9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
Page 97 and 98: 10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
Page 99 and 100: these laborers account for about ha
Page 101 and 102: Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
Page 103 and 104: Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
Page 105 and 106: Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
Page 107 and 108: Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
Page 109 and 110: Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
Page 111 and 112: Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
Page 113 and 114: Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
Page 115 and 116: Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
Page 117 and 118: Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
Page 119 and 120: Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
Page 121 and 122: Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
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Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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