Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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production, most of which occurred in the first two years (1990-1992). Box 2-1. Litchi in Luc Ngan district of Bac Giang Luc Ngan district of Bac Giang is well known for its litchi production. Litchi was introduced to the district in the 1950s by a demobilized soldier from the lowlands. Litchi production did not take off immediately, however. It was only in the 1980s that local officials identified the litchi has having potential for raising local incomes and earmarked land for its cultivation. In just a few years, litchi output increased dramatically. Today, according to local officials, “nearly all households” in Luc Ngan grow litchi. Much of the fruit is dried for transport to distant markets, including China. The district has an estimated 2000 driers. The largest drier is the Bac Giang processing plant. District authorities are said to assist farmers with market information. Likewise, farmers from Luc Ngan district have been recruited to share their expertise with farmers from other provinces. Source: Vietnam News Service, 2 July 2001. Note: The article states that the capacity of the Bac Giang processing plant is 400,000 tons per year, but this is almost certainly an error since this is greater than Vietnam’s annual production of litchi. The value of vegetable and bean output grew at annual rates of 4 percent in the 1980s and 7.6 percent in the 1990s, exceeding by a significant margin the growth rates of food production. The growth in the value of output also exceeds the growth in the volume of output (5 percent), implying that the per-kilogram value of vegetables has increased. This could be due to higher real prices for vegetables or a shift in the mix of vegetables toward the higher-value vegetable crops. Vegetables and beans now account for about 7 percent of the value of crop production in Vietnam (see Table 2-7 and Table 2-8). The value of fruit production has grown at 3 percent annually over the 1990s, somewhat faster than population growth, but slower than the value of food production. Since the volume of fruit production has grown by 6.5 percent over the period, this implies that either real prices of fruits have fallen or there has been a shift toward lower-value fruit products. Fruit production is also about 7 percent of the total value of crop production, down from 10-11 percent in 1980 (see Table 2-7 and Table 2-8). Given the difficulties of valuing horticultural production in the 1980s before agricultural markets were liberalized and the difficulty in constructing a reliable price index, these results must be interpreted with some caution. The economic reform process in Viet Nam has stimulated the production of fruits and vegetables in three ways. First, by raising the production and domestic availability of rice, rural households are able to allocate part of their land to fruits and vegetables with some assurance of being able to produce or buy the rice needed for household consumption. Second, by expanding domestic incomes, the reforms have increased the demand for fruits and vegetables as consumers seek to add diversity to their diets. The two largest cities are particularly important as sources of demand for Chapter 2. Patterns and trends in fruit and vegetable production Page 2-4
fruits and vegetables. Because of the perishability of fruits and vegetables, the production zones to supply the city are often located relatively close to the cities. Third, by establishing a realistic exchange rate and liberalizing exports, the reforms have created new outlets for fruit and vegetable processors. The geographic patterns in fruit and vegetable production reveal that the Mekong Delta accounts for about two thirds of the output of citrus, pineapple, and mango. Banana production is somewhat more dispersed, with important production in the Mekong Delta, Southeast, and the Red River Delta. Concerning vegetables, the Red River Delta has the largest production, accounting for 29 percent of the national output. This is the result of its good soils, cooler climate, and access to the Hanoi market. Temperatures are cool enough in the October-February period to grow temperate vegetables such as cabbage, onions, tomatoes, turnips, and cauliflower. The Mekong Delta is the second most important region, representing 23 percent of national output. Dalat, in the Central Highlands, has specialized in the production of vegetables both for export and for domestic urban consumption. (see Table 2-9). 2 Fruit and vegetable production This section examines the patterns of fruit and vegetable production in Vietnam using the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS). The 1998 VLSS used a detailed 110-page questionnaire and a nationally representative sample of 6000 households. For the purpose of this analysis, we examine only the rural households in the sample, including both agricultural and nonagricultural households in rural areas. With these data, we address the following questions: • How widespread is fruit and vegetable production in Vietnam? • What are the characteristics of household that grow fruits and vegetables? • How important is production for the market compared to production for consumption? • What purchased inputs are used in fruit and vegetable production? • What are the economic returns to fruits and vegetables compared to other crops? 2.1 Extent of fruit and vegetable production Overall, the VLSS data indicate that fruit and vegetable production is quite widespread. Eighty-five percent of all rural households in Vietnam grow fruits and/or vegetables. This implies that approximately 10.2 million rural households produce fruit and/or vegetables. Two-thirds of rural households grow vegetables, and an even larger proportion grow fruit (see Table 2-11). Chapter 2. Patterns and trends in fruit and vegetable production Page 2-5
Page 1: Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
Page 4 and 5: Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
Page 13 and 14: Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
Page 19 and 20: quality. In addition, they may face
Page 21 and 22: This, in turn, creates an incentive
Page 23 and 24: definition is also convenient becau
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
Page 27: south, and different varieties of l
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
Page 33 and 34: and to fruits, for which the corres
Page 35 and 36: 2.4 Input use How widespread is the
Page 37 and 38: • The calculations do not take in
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
Page 41 and 42: 1993, the share of output sold was
Page 43 and 44: Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
Page 49 and 50: Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
Page 51 and 52: Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
Page 53 and 54: Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
Page 55 and 56: Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
Page 57 and 58: Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
Page 59 and 60: Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
Page 61 and 62: Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
Page 63 and 64: Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
Page 65 and 66: Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
Page 67 and 68: Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
Page 69 and 70: Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
Page 71 and 72: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
Page 73 and 74: 2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
Page 75 and 76: that year, with similar patterns by
Page 77 and 78: The most popular tomato varieties a
Page 79 and 80:
5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
Page 297:
Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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