Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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Box 4-2. Problems with longan markets Longans are an important crop in Hung Yen province. About 60 percent of the harvest is normally dried to produce long nhan, used in traditional medicine. A large share of the harvest is typically exported to China. Longan growers in Hung Yen province face a difficult year. After bumper crops in 1999 and 2000, the harvest for 2001 was significantly smaller. Part of the problem is the weather. Longans need cool weather to flower, but unusually high temperatures in the spring of 2001 disrupted the tree’s natural cycle. In addition, Hung Yen producers are facing increasing competition with producers in the south of Vietnam and in Thailand. Although the Thai longans are more expensive than those from Vietnam, Chinese consumers consider them to be of a higher quality. In contrast, longans from the south of Vietnam are sold very cheaply and northern producers cannot compete with them on price alone. A third problem is that last year, China stopped buying longans from Hung Yen. The fruit was transported to the border at Lang Son, but had to be returned. One trading household lost VND 100 million as a result of the loss of the Chinese market. Source: Vietnam News Service, 1 September 2001. 11.3 Exports In 1998, Viet Nam exported about US$52.6 million worth of fruits and vegetables. The main two markets for Vietnamese fruits and vegetables were China and Taiwan, which were responsible for about 30 and 25 percent of export revenue, respectively. About 28 percent of the produce was sold to other countries within Asia and the EU and the US constituted only about 10 and 4 percent, respectively (GSO 2000). By 2001, fruit and vegetable exports had risen to US$ 330 million. China remains the most important buyer of Vietnamese fruits and vegetables (see Chapter 6). The IFPRI-MARD Survey of Fruit and Vegetable Traders included in its sample 19 exporters. Based on this small sample, it appears that exporters have a relatively small number of contacts abroad. Furthermore, these contacts are established primarily through a relative or friend (47 percent of exporters), or through a relationship established from a previous job or employer (37 percent) through which they sell. 11.4 Transportation Overall, 91 percent of the traders in the sample use some form of transport. About 73 percent use dry trucks, 23.2 percent use vans and minivans, and 11.6 percent use boats and ships to move their produce. Domestically traded fruits and vegetables were shipped over 500 kilometers on average within Viet Nam in 2000. In particular, produce items in the North were shipped considerably longer distances than those originating in the South. As described in IFPRI (2000), cold chains are quite underdeveloped in Viet Nam. Only about 15 percent of meat processors and none of the domestic traders of meat in Viet Nam had cold transport or storage facilities in 1998/99. In 2000, less than 17 percent of the fresh fruit and vegetable Chapter 4. Fruit and Vegetable Traders Page 4-16
traders used refrigerated trucks to transport their fresh produce to and from their firm’s facilities. Refrigerated transport was used most frequently by exporters (50 percent) and by businesses in the sample from the North (20 percent). Overall, 83 percent of the firms in the sample rent transport services. These transport companies primarily used trucks and vans to move the goods. Since shipping costs are lower for trucks, whether dry (0.82 VND/ton/day) or refrigerated (0.84 VND/ton/day) than for vans and minivans (1.59 VND/ton/day), trucks were used most efficiently and effectively to transport larger quantities over longer distances. Although the shipping costs of boats and ships may be even lower than that of trucks, the accumulation of product using water-based transport may not be feasible and was employed less frequently than truck transport. For the most part, the businesses in the sample were satisfied with the quality of the services they received from the transport companies. Overall, only about 10 percent of firms experienced problems with their transport service providers, the main problems were related to poor road infrastructure, seasonal transport related bottlenecks, and the imposition of informal rents. These problems were most acute for exporters and businesses located in the South. Restrictions on the movement of goods continue to be a problem in Viet Nam (See IFPRI 2001). Nearly 38 percent of the businesses in the sample indicated that they have difficulty in transporting goods on occasion (see Table 4-23). The main impediment to the movement of goods continued to be police conduct. In addition to the conduct of police, about 14 and 13 percent of the firms indicated that inter-provincial movement restrictions and tolls affected their ability to move goods effectively and efficiently. These problems were most acute for domestic traders in Northern Viet Nam. Police conduct was an important factor among businesses, especially exporters, located in the South. Figure 4-3. Percentage of traders reporting restrictions on movement Percentage of traders reporting 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Movement restrictions Roadside police checks Restricted by tolls Inter-provincial blocks North South Overall Inter-district blocks Chapter 4. Fruit and Vegetable Traders Page 4-17
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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Page 91 and 92: Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
Page 93 and 94: percent had access to a telephone,
Page 95 and 96: 9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
Page 97 and 98: 10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
Page 99 and 100: these laborers account for about ha
Page 101 and 102: Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
Page 103 and 104: Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
Page 105 and 106: Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
Page 107 and 108: Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
Page 109 and 110: Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
Page 111 and 112: Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
Page 113 and 114: Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
Page 115 and 116: Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
Page 117 and 118: Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
Page 119 and 120: Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
Page 121 and 122: Table 3-36 Extension services provi
Page 123 and 124: Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
Page 125 and 126: 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
Page 127 and 128: elated activities. The large differ
Page 129 and 130: traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
Page 131 and 132: Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
Page 133 and 134: The average exporter was a member o
Page 135 and 136: About 85 percent of fruit and veget
Page 137 and 138: Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
Page 139: domestic traders. In the South, onl
Page 143 and 144: price information in domestic and i
Page 145 and 146: The average trader in employed 47 w
Page 147 and 148: Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
Page 149 and 150: Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
Page 151 and 152: Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
Page 153 and 154: Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
Page 155 and 156: Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
Page 157 and 158: Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
Page 159 and 160: Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
Page 161: Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
Page 164 and 165: operating expenses, and profits of
Page 166 and 167: The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
Page 168 and 169: processors wanting to access more l
Page 170 and 171: private farms and traders, together
Page 172 and 173: processors taking no action to ensu
Page 174 and 175: The most common types of processed
Page 176 and 177: while 18 percent use a closed shed,
Page 178 and 179: Only 12 percent of the processors s
Page 180 and 181: all of the lending institutions (VN
Page 182 and 183: The main reason cited by processors
Page 184 and 185: 11.2 Perceived level of Competition
Page 186 and 187: Despite the fact that processors ut
Page 188 and 189: Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
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Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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