Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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The daily wage varies from VND 34 thousand per day for permanent skilled male workers to VND 20 thousand per day for temporary female workers. For each category of labor (skilled, unskilled and temporary), the average daily rate for males was about 20 percent higher than the corresponding wage for females (see Table 5-6). The daily rates for skilled and unskilled permanent labor increased as the size of processor increased. In one case, male skilled labor, the average daily rate for large firms was 28 percent greater than that of small firms. Wages in the South are about 20 percent higher than those in the North. 3.3 Education and skills About half (51 percent) of the workers of fruit and vegetable processors did not complete secondary school. About 37 percent had just a secondary school degree and just 12 percent had educational levels greater than secondary school. The proportion of the workers with post-high school qualifications was just 5 percent among small processors, rising to 20 percent among large ones. Processors workforces obtained their skills from a number of sources. The most common source (48 percent) of skills for the workforce was that they were self taught. The next most common source of workplace skills was learning on the job at the processor, accounting for an average of almost 29 percent of the workforce. A higher proportion of the workforce of large processors obtained their skills at universities. Around 15 percent of processors indicated that they felt that their staff had serious skill deficiencies. The main areas of serious skill deficiency highlighted by processors were pricing of products and underlying technical skills. These areas were highlighted as important by all sizes of processor. Only 6 percent of processors indicated that members of their workforce had undertaken training courses, though this percentage was higher among large processors. Among the few processors who planned to provide training to workers, the most common training location was at universities, accounting for almost 54 percent of the cases. Around 8 percent (20) of the processors indicated that their workforce would be undertaking training courses in the future. The major reasons cited for having no intention of providing training to workers was that there were no training programs available or that the cost of training in terms of staff time would be too great. The majority of the training courses undertaken by staff of processors were provided by universities. These accounted for almost 63 percent of the total training courses provided. Chapter 5 Fruit and Vegetable Processors Page 5-4
4 Access to land 4.1 Current Land Use The average land area available to processors is around 688 hectares. This includes land used for production, as well as land used for processing of fruits and vegetables. This figure is heavily influenced by the a few processors with large land-holdings. Most processors have less than two hectares, but the average land-holding for large processors is 2000 hectares. The land area available to producers in the North is substantially smaller than that available to processors in the South. In spite of the small land-holdings of most fruit and vegetable processors, almost 90 percent of them report that they have access to “sufficient” land area to allow them to conduct their current level of business. Around 55 percent, or 131 of the processors had land that they utilized for crop production. The proportion of processors utilizing crop production land decreases as the size of the processing company increases. While 73 percent of small processors had some crop production land, only 37 percent of large processors had crop production land. Although the use of land for crop production is more common among small and medium firms, these enterprises have little land so the average area allocated to crop production is around 1 hectare (see Table 5-7). The average current value of crop production land for processors was VND1.8 billion. The value of crop production land is similar for small and medium processors, but significantly larger for large processors. It was also larger for mixed fruit and vegetable processors and for processors in the South. Almost all (97 percent) of the processors indicated that they had land which they utilized for agro-processing. Five of the small processors and one of the medium and one of the large processors indicated that they did not have land which they utilized for agro processing. At least a portion of agroprocessing land was rented by 33 processors. Of these, 26 processors rented 100 percent of their agroprocessing land. The average rental cost for rented agroprocessing land is around VND13000 per m 2 per month. Around 32 percent, or 78 of the processors had land that they utilized for trading. The proportion of processors utilizing land for trading increases as the size of the processing company increases. While 29 percent of small processors had some trading land, 34.1 percent of large processors had some trading land. 4.2 Planned Land Uses While around 10 percent of processors indicated that they do not have sufficient land to carry on their current operations, around 17 percent of processors indicated that they would be interested in gaining access to additional land in order to expand their business operations. The proportion of Chapter 5 Fruit and Vegetable Processors Page 5-5
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
Page 115 and 116: Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
Page 117 and 118: Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
Page 119 and 120: Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
Page 121 and 122: Table 3-36 Extension services provi
Page 123 and 124: Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
Page 125 and 126: 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
Page 127 and 128: elated activities. The large differ
Page 129 and 130: traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
Page 131 and 132: Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
Page 133 and 134: The average exporter was a member o
Page 135 and 136: About 85 percent of fruit and veget
Page 137 and 138: Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
Page 139 and 140: domestic traders. In the South, onl
Page 141 and 142: traders used refrigerated trucks to
Page 143 and 144: price information in domestic and i
Page 145 and 146: The average trader in employed 47 w
Page 147 and 148: Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
Page 149 and 150: Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
Page 151 and 152: Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
Page 153 and 154: Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
Page 155 and 156: Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
Page 157 and 158: Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
Page 159 and 160: Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
Page 161: Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
Page 164 and 165: operating expenses, and profits of
Page 168 and 169: processors wanting to access more l
Page 170 and 171: private farms and traders, together
Page 172 and 173: processors taking no action to ensu
Page 174 and 175: The most common types of processed
Page 176 and 177: while 18 percent use a closed shed,
Page 178 and 179: Only 12 percent of the processors s
Page 180 and 181: all of the lending institutions (VN
Page 182 and 183: The main reason cited by processors
Page 184 and 185: 11.2 Perceived level of Competition
Page 186 and 187: Despite the fact that processors ut
Page 188 and 189: Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
Page 190 and 191: Table 5-9. Distribution of function
Page 192 and 193: Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
Page 194 and 195: Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
Page 196 and 197: Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
Page 198 and 199: Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
Page 200 and 201: Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
Page 202 and 203: Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
Page 205 and 206: 1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
Page 207 and 208: Like other exports, fruit and veget
Page 209 and 210: Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
Page 211 and 212: As a result, China is the largest e
Page 213 and 214: short distance, belonging to AFTA,
Page 215 and 216: In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
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Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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