Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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options are understood, the final step is to negotiate a bi-lateral plant quarantine agreement (or protocol) which specifies the conditions under which agricultural commodities can be traded. As mentioned above, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the New Zealand government are providing assistance for research on ways of treating mango and dragon fruit for fruit flies. The research consists of identifying ways of reliably killing fruit fly eggs without damaging the fruit. Vapor heat, dry heat, and hot water treatments are being studied, but it will take time to determine the temperature and duration that are appropriate for each type of fruit. The eventual goal is to establish a quarantine agreement that allows fresh fruit exports from Vietnam to Australia and New Zealand. The protocol will specify the system of monitoring and control of the pest, production methods, post-harvest treatment, and random testing of the fruit. A similar procedure exists for establishing a protocol for fresh fruit export to the United States. In December 2000, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) organized a seminar to discuss the procedure for developing a phyto-sanitary protocol for export to the United States. A decision was made to focus initially on dragon fruit and mangosteen. After the PRA is carried out, the analysis is then submitted to the Agricultural Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the USDA. APHIS then sends a team to Vietnam to work with Vietnamese authorities on the details regarding production, processing, and export procedures. The entire process may take three years or more to complete 9 . South Korea currently accepts imports of fresh pineapple, banana, and coconut, but other fresh fruit imports are banned until after a protocol has been established. South Korea also requires the implementation of a Pest Risk Analysis. South Korea is funding a research project with the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOSTE) to develop an integrated system of production, processing, and transport that will allow the export of mango, litchi, and dragon fruit to South Korea. An official of Vegetexco reports that the MOSTE has requested MARD to respond to the interest of South Korea in implementing the Pest Risk Analysis. 5 State-owned processors The largest fruit and vegetable exporter in the country is the Vietnam Fruit and Vegetable Export Company, better known as Vegetexco. Vegetexco is a state-owned enterprise under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). During the 1980s, Vegetexco played a key role in implementing government-to-government trade agreements with east bloc countries. Once the Ministry of Trade had completed an agreement, Vegetexco would be given responsibility for organizing production. It assigned quotas to various state farms and producer 9 This information is based on interviews with Mr. Henry Smick and Mr. Dao of the USDA offices in Vietnam. Chapter 8. Role of government Page 8-14
cooperatives, provided inputs and carried out the processing. Vegetexco exported bananas, canned pineapples, and fresh pineapples to the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The collapse of the Soviet Union had serious consequences for Vegetexco. Pineapple exports fell sharply and the company was forced into a new role of buying from independent farmers and finding new markets for its output. Although it remains the largest exporter of fruits and vegetables, the market share of Vegetexco has declined as provincial state companies and private companies have entered the market. The annual export revenue of Vegetexco is about US$ 15-20 million, representing less than 10 percent of the value of fruits and vegetables exported in 2000 10 . Vegetexco exports very little fresh fruits and vegetables, focusing almost exclusively on processed fruits and vegetables. In fact, canned pineapple continues to be the main export product, accounting for more than 50 percent of the total. Other Vegetexco exports include dried banana, salted mushroom, canned mushrooms, pineapple concentrate, pineapple juice, and canned litchi and longan. Procurement is from Vegetexco’s own farms and from contracted farmers, though the later is said to represent about 90 percent of the total. Although data are not available to prove this, it is likely that the declining share of Vegetexco in fruit and vegetable exports is linked to the fact that it concentrates on exporting processed goods. Internationally, the demand for canned fruits and vegetables is stagnant, while that of fresh fruits and vegetables is growing rapidly. Thus, Vegetexco has remained within a stagnant portion of the export market, while private exporters and joint ventures have concentrated on the high-growth fresh market. Box 8-4. Public investment in fruit and vegetable processing “The fruit and vegetable processing sector will receive VND332 million in 2002 under plans from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. The capital will be used to build processing plants in 10 provinces across the country, with an annual combined capacity of 51,000 tonnes. An official from the ministry said its investments in fruit and vegetable processing will boost export turnovers by US$570 million in 2002.” Extracted from Dau Tu (Investment), cited by Vietnam News Service, 2 August 2001 When asked about competition with private exporters, Vegetexco managers noted that in the private sector, the managers tend to work much longer hours than those in state enterprises. In addition, Vegetexco managers were expected to make a profit on each trade, whereas private traders could make a loss on an occasional trade if it helped to build and maintain their reputation for reliability. In separate interviews, private fruit and vegetable exporters point out that Vegetexco has the size and reputation that allows it to make contracts with foreign buyers. Vegetexco managers have many opportunities to visit trade partners at trade fairs and during export marketing tours. This 10 Based in part on interviews with Mr. Nguyen Van Ki, Vice General Director, and Ms. Dao Minh Ha, Vice-Manager of the Department of Marketing for Vegetexco in Ho Chi Minh City. Chapter 8. Role of government Page 8-15
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Page 47 and 48:
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
Page 219 and 220: The past five years, there has been
Page 221 and 222: Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
Page 223 and 224: Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
Page 225 and 226: Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
Page 227 and 228: Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
Page 229 and 230: 1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
Page 231 and 232: the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
Page 233 and 234: Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
Page 235 and 236: The results of the demand analysis
Page 237 and 238: Of the ten categories of fruits and
Page 239 and 240: 5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
Page 241 and 242: ands, but additional products can b
Page 243 and 244: Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
Page 245 and 246: Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
Page 247 and 248: Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
Page 249 and 250: Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
Page 255: Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
Page 258 and 259: In recognition of the marketing pro
Page 260 and 261: was obliged to cover its cost with
Page 262 and 263: The company has a staff of 200 work
Page 264 and 265: Given this background, it would be
Page 266 and 267: 4 Plant protection Plant protection
Page 268 and 269: attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
Page 272 and 273: gave them the contacts and marketin
Page 274 and 275: 7 Summary and conclusions The insti
Page 276 and 277: combination of random testing in th
Page 278 and 279: just over half (54 percent) of the
Page 280 and 281: government institutions, particular
Page 282 and 283: The average gross revenue among the
Page 284 and 285: smaller processors experienced a gr
Page 286 and 287: household category (83 percent of w
Page 288 and 289: growers, forcing them to improve ef
Page 290 and 291: The government should facilitate pr
Page 292 and 293: countries are becoming increasingly
Page 295 and 296: Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
Page 297: Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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