Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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Figure 7-1. Consumption of fruits and vegetables by region Average Mekong Delta Southeast C. Highlands S.C. Coast N.C. Coast Red R. Delta N Uplands Towns Othercities Hanoi,HCMC 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Consumption (kg/person/year) Chapter 7. Fruit and vegetable consumption in Vietnam Page 7-4 Fruit Vegetables Looking at individual commodities, urban consumption is greater than rural consumption for all products except for beans, for which they are roughly similar. Southern rural consumption is higher for bananas, mangoes, and “other fruit”, while northern rural consumption is greater for cabbage and kohlrabi. These differences reflect regional differences in production (and hence prices), as well as income differences across regions (see Table 7-4). As households become richer they consume more fruits and more vegetables. From the poorest category to the richest, per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables rises five-fold, from 26 kg to 134 kg. The increase is much stronger for fruit, which increases 14-fold, than for vegetables, which rises 4-fold. As a result, the share of fruits in the total rises from 12 percent to 32 percent. Demand for oranges, bananas, and mangoes rises strongly as income rises, but that of kohlrabi rises much more slowly (see Table 7-5 and Figure 7-2). The value of fruit and vegetable consumption by region is shown in Table 7-6 and the same figures by expenditure category are presented in Table 7-7. Although fruits represent less than onequarter of the volume of fruit and vegetable consumption, they account for 40 percent of the value of fruit and vegetable consumption. This is because the value per kilogram is, on average, higher for fruits than for vegetables. In other ways, these tables show similar patterns to those of per capita consumption. As income rises, households spend more on fruits and vegetables. Spending households in the highest income category is several time greater than spending by households in the lowest category. Urban households spend the most on fruits and vegetables, and rural households in the Northern Uplands and North Central Coast spend the least.
Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits and vegetables by expenditure category Consumption (kg/person/year) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 Expenditure category (quintile) Other fruit Mango Banana Orange Other vegetables Tomato Cabbage Kohlrabi Morning glory Beans As noted above, fruit and vegetable “expenditure” includes both purchases and the value of home produced fruits and vegetables. The share of fruit and vegetable consumption that comes from home production is shown in Table 7-8. Overall, 43 percent of the fruits and vegetables consumed by Vietnamese households are from own production. The home production share is higher for fruits (54 percent) than for vegetables. It is interesting that even among “urban” households, 8 percent of fruits and vegetables are from own consumption 4 . Home consumption plays a much more important role in rural areas, particularly in the North. Not surprisingly, home production plays a minor role for urban households, accounting for just 8 percent of consumption. By contrast, home production represents 72 percent of fruit and vegetable consumption in the rural Northern Uplands and at least 60 percent elsewhere in the rural North. In the rural Southeast, households get just 27 percent of their fruits and vegetables from home production. Home production of fruits and vegetables is a much more important source of fruits and vegetables for poor households than for higher-income households. The share of fruits and vegetables from home production falls from 67 percent in the poorest category to just 18 percent in the richest category (see Table 7-8). In the next section, we use regression analysis to estimate the income elasticities for each commodity. 4 Recall that “urban” households include those in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, other cities, and towns. Urban fruit and vegetable production may take the form of gardens in town or plots outside the city that the household maintains rights to. Chapter 7. Fruit and vegetable consumption in Vietnam Page 7-5
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
Page 182 and 183: The main reason cited by processors
Page 184 and 185: 11.2 Perceived level of Competition
Page 186 and 187: Despite the fact that processors ut
Page 188 and 189: Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
Page 190 and 191: Table 5-9. Distribution of function
Page 192 and 193: Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
Page 194 and 195: Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
Page 196 and 197: Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
Page 198 and 199: Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
Page 200 and 201: Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
Page 202 and 203: Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
Page 205 and 206: 1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
Page 207 and 208: Like other exports, fruit and veget
Page 209 and 210: Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
Page 211 and 212: As a result, China is the largest e
Page 213 and 214: short distance, belonging to AFTA,
Page 215 and 216: In September 1999, the government i
Page 217 and 218: Of course, expanding exports cannot
Page 219 and 220: The past five years, there has been
Page 221 and 222: Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
Page 223 and 224: Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
Page 225 and 226: Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
Page 227 and 228: Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
Page 229 and 230: 1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
Page 231: the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
Page 235 and 236: The results of the demand analysis
Page 237 and 238: Of the ten categories of fruits and
Page 239 and 240: 5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
Page 241 and 242: ands, but additional products can b
Page 243 and 244: Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
Page 245 and 246: Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
Page 247 and 248: Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
Page 249 and 250: Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
Page 255: Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
Page 258 and 259: In recognition of the marketing pro
Page 260 and 261: was obliged to cover its cost with
Page 262 and 263: The company has a staff of 200 work
Page 264 and 265: Given this background, it would be
Page 266 and 267: 4 Plant protection Plant protection
Page 268 and 269: attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
Page 270 and 271: options are understood, the final s
Page 272 and 273: gave them the contacts and marketin
Page 274 and 275: 7 Summary and conclusions The insti
Page 276 and 277: combination of random testing in th
Page 278 and 279: just over half (54 percent) of the
Page 280 and 281: government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
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Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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