Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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Naturally, trade liberalization may also result in greater competition for agro-industries that produce exclusively for the domestic market. 2 Rationale for this study The fruit and vegetable sector was chosen as the topic of this study because it is an example of a high-value agricultural commodity that is relatively labor-intensive, giving small farmers a comparative advantage in the production of many types of fruits and vegetables. For this reason, fruits and vegetables represent an opportunity for small farmers to increase their income by diversifying out of staple foodcrop production. At the same time, the highly perishable nature of fruits and vegetables poses special challenges in marketing. Either the marketing system must transform the raw material into products with a longer shelf-life or it must get the fresh product to domestic and international markets quickly and with special care to avoid spoilage. The case of Vietnam was chosen because the fruit and vegetable sector is growing rapidly and it is undergoing structural transformation. As discussed in Chapter 2, the production of citrus fruits and the litchi/longan/rambuttan family of fruits is growing at more than 10 percent per year, and the value of vegetable and bean production has grown 7.6 percent annually over the 1990s. In part, the growth of the sector is a response to rising income and resulting demand for greater diversity in the diet. The expansion is also a reflection of export opportunities related to regional income growth and trade liberalization. Vietnamese fruit and vegetable exports have expanded from around US$ 50 million in the mid-1990s to over US$ 300 million in 2001. The rapid growth in the Vietnamese fruit and vegetable sector makes this study relevant in three ways. First, the information base on the Vietnamese fruit and vegetable sector has lagged behind its growing importance in the agricultural sector. Traditionally, the attention of policymakers and researchers has been focused on assuring adequate supplies of staple foods (rice, maize, sweet potatoes, and cassava). Prompted by rising incomes, food self-sufficiency, and the falling price of rice on world markets, the government is giving increasing attention to diversification away from rice into high-value agricultural commodities, such as fruits, vegetables, and livestock products. It is hoped that this report will provide a foundation of empirical data on which to build this diversification strategy. Second, rapid growth in any agricultural sector rarely entails simply using more land and labor to produce more of the same products. Rather, growth is accompanied by other transformations within the sector including changes the livelihood strategies of farmers, production methods, the relationship between farmers and buyers, the technology of marketing, and consumer purchasing patterns. For example, growth in the fruit and vegetable sector is usually accompanied by an expansion in the number of different fruits and vegetables being produced. The introduction of new crops, such as baby corns or mushrooms, implies that farmers need to be informed of these opportunities, trained in new production methods, and supplied with new seeds and other inputs. Chapter 1 Introduction Page 1-4
This, in turn, creates an incentive for processors and other buyers to establish closer links with farmers, often in the form of formal and informal contractual relationships. Understanding these structural changes in the sector is critical to designing policies and selecting public investments that will support the continued growth of the sector. Third, the rapid growth in fruit and vegetable exports is vulnerable to restrictions on international trade. Although tariff and non-tariff barriers are being reduced by multilateral trade agreements, sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) trade regulations are becoming increasing important, particularly in the trade of fruits, vegetables, animal products, and fishery products. SPS import restriction are partly a reflection of legitimate concerns of consumers in importing countries and partly a reflection of protectionist pressure from producers in those countries. Vietnam needs to develop a stronger scientific knowledge-base related to SPS issues in order to address legitimate SPS concerns of importing countries, as well as to challenge protectionist use of SPS issues. Although this report is not intended to explore all the SPS issues facing Vietnamese exports, the report does highlight the importance of these issues for the fruit and vegetable sector. 3 Objectives Given this background, the project was designed to study the fruit and vegetable sector in Vietnam, focusing on the processing and marketing components. The original proposal stated that the goal of the project was to describe the current patterns in fruit and vegetable marketing, identify constraints to growth, and develop recommendations for alleviating those constraints. The proposal identified seven objectives for the project. • Preliminary assessment of post-harvest constraints and selection of product groups for indepth study; • Identification and characterization of household and community management of postharvest operations and agro-food based rural industrialization; • Identification and characterization of market structure, marketing, and processing enterprises involved in post-harvest operations and agro-food based rural industrialization; • Identification and characterization of institutional mechanisms involved in lowering the transaction costs and increase the access of rural households to information, markets, and assets; • Empirical analysis of economic behavior, adoption of technology and institutional mechanisms; • Analysis of impact of alternative policies and strategies at the rural household level, at the market level, and at the institutional level; • Intensive dissemination of results in the country and internationally. Chapter 1 Introduction Page 1-5
Page 1: Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
Page 4 and 5: Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
Page 13 and 14: Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
Page 19: quality. In addition, they may face
Page 23 and 24: definition is also convenient becau
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
Page 27 and 28: south, and different varieties of l
Page 29 and 30: fruits and vegetables. Because of t
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
Page 33 and 34: and to fruits, for which the corres
Page 35 and 36: 2.4 Input use How widespread is the
Page 37 and 38: • The calculations do not take in
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
Page 41 and 42: 1993, the share of output sold was
Page 43 and 44: Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
Page 49 and 50: Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
Page 51 and 52: Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
Page 53 and 54: Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
Page 55 and 56: Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
Page 57 and 58: Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
Page 59 and 60: Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
Page 61 and 62: Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
Page 63 and 64: Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
Page 65 and 66: Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
Page 67 and 68: Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
Page 69 and 70: Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
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5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
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Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
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The amount of manure used by dragon
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Producers generally do not rent sto
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For longan and litchi producers the
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contractors while 97 percent said t
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Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
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percent had access to a telephone,
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9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
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10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
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these laborers account for about ha
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Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
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Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
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Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
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Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
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Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
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Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
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Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
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Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
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Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
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Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
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Table 3-36 Extension services provi
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Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
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1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
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elated activities. The large differ
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traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
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Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders r
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The average exporter was a member o
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About 85 percent of fruit and veget
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Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
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domestic traders. In the South, onl
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traders used refrigerated trucks to
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price information in domestic and i
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The average trader in employed 47 w
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Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
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Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
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Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
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Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
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Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
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Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
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Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
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operating expenses, and profits of
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The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
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processors wanting to access more l
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private farms and traders, together
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processors taking no action to ensu
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The most common types of processed
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while 18 percent use a closed shed,
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Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
Page 295 and 296:
Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
Page 297:
Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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