Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam - International Food Policy ...

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Startup capital from immediate family is primarily in the form of equity investment. Only about 2 percent of the startup capital from the owners’ immediate families was provided as short term loans. Non-immediate family and friends are also primarily risk-taking investors in the business. Only about 17 percent of the capital obtained from other family and friends, all of which were located in the North, was in the form of short-term loans. About 91 percent of the startup capital from banks was in the form of short-term loans, with the remainder in the form of loans of more than one year. 6.2 Post start-up capital Post-startup, the main source of working capital for traders was reinvested profits, followed by short-term credit. A number of enterprises, particularly private exporters, also obtain new working capital by bringing new equity investment into the business (see Table 4-6). By contrast, the main source of post-startup capital for SOE exporters was subsidies from the state budget. Additional funds came from reinvested profits and short-term loans. About 83 percent of traders in the North obtain their short-term working capital loans from formal credit lending institutions. In comparison, southern traders rely primarily on informal credit lenders for their post-startup working capital needs. 6.3 Credit Overall, 35 percent of the businesses in the sample borrowed funds or had outstanding loans during the year 2000. Use of credit was higher by businesses in the North (54 percent) than in the South (14 percent). Figure 4-1 shows that formal sector credit is more common than informal credit for farmers in the North and South. Of the firms that borrowed money, all exporters, whether they were located in the North or in the South, and all domestic traders in the South, indicated that they were able to borrow sufficient funds to conduct the operations of their business. About 36 percent of domestic traders in the North reported that they did not have enough funds to conduct the operations of their business during 2000. The main reasons for not being able to obtain more funds were lack of collateral (44.4 percent), complicated banking procedures (44.4 percent), and poor credit history (22.2 percent). Overall, about 71 percent of the loans were from formal lending institutions such as the agricultural bank (59 percent), commercial banks (24 percent), and other formal sources of credit (12 percent). Of the loans from informal lenders, the majority of the loans were from friends and family (83 percent), with the remainder from money lenders (16.7 percent). About two-thirds of the loans to domestic traders were secured with collateral in the form of buildings or land, while the other third of the loans did not require any collateral. By contrast, all of the loans to the exporters in the sample were not secured with physical capital. Chapter 4. Fruit and Vegetable Traders Page 4-6
Figure 4-1. Percentage of traders receiving credit by region Formal credit North South Informal credit North South 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Percentage of traders receiving credit The characteristics of loans from both formal and informal institutions are broadly similar when loans to state and province owned companies are excluded from the sample. As shown in Table 4-7, the interest rate for loans from both formal and informal institutions was about 1.5 percent per month in 2000, while loans from formal institutions tended to be for a longer period (8.6 months versus 5.9 months, on average). Loans from informal institutions, however, tended to be larger than loans from formal institutions, both in the North and in the South. With the inclusion of the large loans to state and province owned companies by formal institutions in the sample, the average formal loan increases to 2.6 billion VND, for a somewhat shorter period of 8.3 months, at a lower average interest rate of 1.3 percent per month. 6.4 Assets Overall, the average fresh fruit and vegetable marketing business has about 2.4 billion VND in assets (see Table 4-8). While relatively large, when assets that are largely peripheral to the fruit and vegetable marketing business are excluded, the average firm in the sample has only about 471 million VND in assets for their businesses fruit and vegetable trading and processing components. When peripheral assets are excluded, about 78 percent of the current value of the firms assets are in the form of land and buildings. In addition, the average business in the sample has about 57 million VND or about 12.1 percent of non-peripheral fresh fruit and vegetable marketing assets in transport related items such as trucks, boats, motorbikes, etc., about 7.6 percent in durable goods such as office furniture and equipment. and about 2.3 percent of non-peripheral assets are processing or trading equipment related assets. Chapter 4. Fruit and Vegetable Traders Page 4-7
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Fruits and Vegetables in Vietnam: A
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Ta Minh Tuan SOFRI Data collection
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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introd
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Chapter 5: Characteristics of fruit
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List of Tables Table 2-1: Trends in
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Table 5-7: Proportion of processors
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List of Figures Figure 2-1: Growth
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Chapter 1 Introduction This is the
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quality. In addition, they may face
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This, in turn, creates an incentive
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definition is also convenient becau
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Chapter 2 Patterns and trends in fr
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south, and different varieties of l
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fruits and vegetables. Because of t
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2.2 Characteristics of fruit and ve
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and to fruits, for which the corres
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2.4 Input use How widespread is the
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• The calculations do not take in
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Figure 2-6. Change in the percentag
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1993, the share of output sold was
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Table 2-1: Trends in planted area o
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Table 2-7: Trends in gross value of
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Table 2-10: Plan for fruit and vege
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Table 2-12: Percentage of rural hou
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Table 2-14. Distribution of farm ho
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Table 2-17: Share of fruit and vege
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Table 2-19: Share of growers sellin
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Table 2-21: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-23: Percentage of fruit and
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Table 2-25. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-27. Gross and net revenue f
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Table 2-29. Comparison of fruit and
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 Commercial
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2.4 Sources of revenue Survey respo
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that year, with similar patterns by
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The most popular tomato varieties a
Page 79 and 80: 5.2 Culling of fruit Trees The majo
Page 81 and 82: Producers in Ha Noi, however, have
Page 83 and 84: The amount of manure used by dragon
Page 85 and 86: Producers generally do not rent sto
Page 87 and 88: For longan and litchi producers the
Page 89 and 90: contractors while 97 percent said t
Page 91 and 92: Box 3-3. Lam Dong farmers face risk
Page 93 and 94: percent had access to a telephone,
Page 95 and 96: 9.3 Quality of Extension Organizati
Page 97 and 98: 10.2 Credit sources As Table 3-40 s
Page 99 and 100: these laborers account for about ha
Page 101 and 102: Table 3-1 Sample Locations and Prod
Page 103 and 104: Table 3-6 Sources of revenue by reg
Page 105 and 106: Table 3-10 Profitability of Househo
Page 107 and 108: Table 3-12 Planting Profile for Cro
Page 109 and 110: Table 3-14 Production Profile for S
Page 111 and 112: Table 3-16 Fruit and Vegetable Mana
Page 113 and 114: Table 3-18 Propagation Methods for
Page 115 and 116: Table 3-22 Production, Sales, Consu
Page 117 and 118: Table 3-27 Sales of Fruit And Veget
Page 119 and 120: Table 3-32 Proportion of Crop Affec
Page 121 and 122: Table 3-36 Extension services provi
Page 123 and 124: Table 3-39 Credit Usage by Region R
Page 125 and 126: 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Fruit and
Page 127 and 128: elated activities. The large differ
Page 129: traders (16.2). Wages paid by expor
Page 133 and 134: The average exporter was a member o
Page 135 and 136: About 85 percent of fruit and veget
Page 137 and 138: Only 17.0 and 28.7 percent of trade
Page 139 and 140: domestic traders. In the South, onl
Page 141 and 142: traders used refrigerated trucks to
Page 143 and 144: price information in domestic and i
Page 145 and 146: The average trader in employed 47 w
Page 147 and 148: Table 4-3. Percentage of traders us
Page 149 and 150: Table 4-6. Sources of post-startup
Page 151 and 152: Table 4-10. Types of post-harvest a
Page 153 and 154: Table 4-13. Types of post-harvest a
Page 155 and 156: Table 4-15. Characteristics of meas
Page 157 and 158: Table 4-19. Organizations that insp
Page 159 and 160: Table 4-23. Prevalence and characte
Page 161: Table 4-25. Characteristics of prof
Page 164 and 165: operating expenses, and profits of
Page 166 and 167: The daily wage varies from VND 34 t
Page 168 and 169: processors wanting to access more l
Page 170 and 171: private farms and traders, together
Page 172 and 173: processors taking no action to ensu
Page 174 and 175: The most common types of processed
Page 176 and 177: while 18 percent use a closed shed,
Page 178 and 179: Only 12 percent of the processors s
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all of the lending institutions (VN
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The main reason cited by processors
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11.2 Perceived level of Competition
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Despite the fact that processors ut
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Table 5-3. Distribution of manager
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Table 5-9. Distribution of function
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Table 5-14. Percentage of processor
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Table 5-21. Capacity utilization (%
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Table 5-27. Proportion of sales to
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Table 5-33. Percent of processors r
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Table 5-38. Revenue and costs for d
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Table 5-40. Value added and asset r
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1 Introduction Chapter 6 Fruit and
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Like other exports, fruit and veget
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Figure 6-1. Trend in exports of fru
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As a result, China is the largest e
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short distance, belonging to AFTA,
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In September 1999, the government i
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Of course, expanding exports cannot
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The past five years, there has been
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Table 6-1: Trends in fruit and vege
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Table 6-3: Destination of Vietnames
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Table 6-5. Composition of Vietnames
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Table 6-7. Fruit tariff reduction s
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1 Introduction Chapter 7 Fruit and
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the case of kohlrabi, which is cons
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Figure 7-2. Consumption of fruits a
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The results of the demand analysis
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Of the ten categories of fruits and
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5 Retail marketing of fruits and ve
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ands, but additional products can b
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Table 7-1. Summary of fruit and veg
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Table 7-4 . Per capita consumption
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Table 7-8. Share of consumption fro
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Table 7-12. Determinants of Demand
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Table 7-24. Comparison of fruit and
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In recognition of the marketing pro
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was obliged to cover its cost with
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The company has a staff of 200 work
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Given this background, it would be
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4 Plant protection Plant protection
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attitudes toward pesticide risk, th
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options are understood, the final s
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gave them the contacts and marketin
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7 Summary and conclusions The insti
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combination of random testing in th
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just over half (54 percent) of the
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government institutions, particular
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The average gross revenue among the
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smaller processors experienced a gr
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household category (83 percent of w
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growers, forcing them to improve ef
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The government should facilitate pr
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countries are becoming increasingly
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Bibliography ANZDEC/IFPRI/Lincoln.
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Vietnam News Service. 2001. “Grow
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