advanced building skins 14 | 15 June 2012 - lamp.tugraz.at - Graz ...
advanced building skins 14 | 15 June 2012 - lamp.tugraz.at - Graz ...
advanced building skins 14 | 15 June 2012 - lamp.tugraz.at - Graz ...
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kWh<br />
500<br />
450<br />
400<br />
350<br />
300<br />
250<br />
200<br />
<strong>15</strong>0<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
Advanced Building Skins<br />
Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai <strong>June</strong> July Aug Sept. Oct Nov Dec<br />
- 8 -<br />
pv<br />
Electricity demand<br />
Electricity demad he<strong>at</strong> pump<br />
Figure 11: Monthly electricity balance for a house with a 3 kWp photovoltaic array vs.<br />
a house with a 3 kWp photovoltaic array and he<strong>at</strong> pump (passive house standard) [6]<br />
Today there are not any financially viable means or products th<strong>at</strong> could provide the required seasonal<br />
storage of electricity for single households. In addition there are limit<strong>at</strong>ions imposed by the capacity of<br />
the utility grid on transferring large amounts of solar electricity to e.g. centralized seasonal storage<br />
units. In countries with large numbers of installed photovoltaic systems– such as Germany –<br />
photovoltaics contributes significantly to the noon peak electricity supply (figure 12 - which shows<br />
d<strong>at</strong>a from <strong>June</strong> 2011 th<strong>at</strong> were extrapol<strong>at</strong>ed by the amount of photovoltaic and wind power installed in<br />
2011). On weekends, the public grid reaches its capacity limits and cannot accept more<br />
photovoltaically gener<strong>at</strong>ed electricity, since the output of nuclear power plants and lignite-fuelled<br />
power plants cannot be changed within a few hours.<br />
70000<br />
60000<br />
50000<br />
40000<br />
30000<br />
20000<br />
10000<br />
0<br />
1. Juni <strong>2012</strong> 8. Juni <strong>2012</strong> <strong>15</strong>. Juni <strong>2012</strong> 22. Juni <strong>2012</strong> 29. Juni <strong>2012</strong><br />
Figure 12: Simul<strong>at</strong>ed electricity gener<strong>at</strong>ion for <strong>June</strong> <strong>2012</strong> in Germany [7]<br />
photovoltaic<br />
wind<br />
gas<br />
coal<br />
run_of_the_river<br />
To summarize: Depending on the loc<strong>at</strong>ion of the <strong>building</strong> and the <strong>building</strong> design, photovoltaic<br />
systems can gener<strong>at</strong>e enough electricity in principle to fulfill the EPD directive. However, with the<br />
rapidly increasing number of installed photovoltaic systems, critical problems concerning timing,<br />
storage and transfer will arise. The usage of photovoltaic modules th<strong>at</strong> do not fe<strong>at</strong>ure high efficiency<br />
or <strong>building</strong> designs th<strong>at</strong> are not designed to optimize the gener<strong>at</strong>ion of electricity or th<strong>at</strong> are subject to<br />
excessive shading will not be able meet the EPD directive.<br />
Just by being mounted <strong>at</strong> different orient<strong>at</strong>ions and tilt angles, photovoltaic systems can be used to<br />
shift both the daily gener<strong>at</strong>ion peak away from noon and to gener<strong>at</strong>e electricity with a more even<br />
annual distribution than systems th<strong>at</strong> are optimized solely for the highest annual total in kWh.<br />
lignite<br />
uranium
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