The State of Minority- and Women- Owned ... - Cleveland.com

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Table 4.30. Detailed DBE Availability Percentages—Commodities Detailed Industry Group Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior Contractors (NAICS 2381) Building Equipment Contractors (NAICS 2382) Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS 4237) General Freight Trucking (NAICS 4841) Remediation and Other Waste Management Services (NAICS 5629) Source and Notes: See Table 4.21. M/WBE Availability in the City of Cleveland’s Market Area African American Hispanic Asian/ Pacific Islander Native American Nonminority Female DBE Non-DBE 2.28 0.00 0.00 1.43 14.71 18.42 81.58 3.26 0.16 0.20 1.27 15.86 20.75 79.25 2.75 0.00 0.03 0.00 18.27 21.05 78.95 7.74 0.29 0.17 0.03 18.68 26.91 73.09 16.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.48 34.27 65.73 NERA Economic Consulting 146
Market-Based Disparities in Business Formation and Business Owner Earnings V. Market-Based Disparities in Business Formation and Business Owner Earnings A. Introduction In this chapter, we examine disparities in business formation and earnings principally in the private sector, where contracting activities are generally not subject to M/WBE or other affirmative action requirements. Statistical examination of disparities in the private sector of the relevant geographic market area is important for several reasons. First, to the extent that discriminatory practices by contractors, suppliers, insurers, lenders, customers, and others limit the ability of M/WBEs to compete, those practices will impact the larger private sector as well as the public sector. Second, examining the utilization of M/WBEs in the private sector provides an indicator of the extent to which M/WBEs are used in the absence of race- and gender-conscious efforts, since few firms in the private sector make such efforts. Third, the Supreme Court in Croson and other courts acknowledged that state and local governments have a constitutional duty not to contribute to the perpetuation of discrimination in the private sector of their relevant geographic and product markets. After years of comparative neglect, research on the economics of entrepreneurship—especially upon self-employment—has expanded in the last 20 years. 227 As a result, there is now a good deal of agreement in the literature on the microeconomic correlates of self-employment. 228 In the U.S., it appears that self-employment rises with age, is higher among men than women, and higher among non-minorities than minorities. The least educated have the highest probability of being self-employed. However, evidence is also found in the U.S. that the most highly educated also have relatively high probabilities. On average, however, increases in educational attainment are generally found to lead to increases in the probability of being self-employed. A higher number of children in the family increases the likelihood of (male) self-employment. Workers in agriculture and construction are also especially likely to be self-employed. There has been relatively less work on how institutional factors influence self-employment. Such work that has been conducted includes examining the role of minimum wage legislation (Blau, 1987), immigration (Fairlie and Meyer, 1998 and 2003; Olson, Zuiker and Montalto, 2000; Mora 227 Microeconometric work includes Fuchs (1982), Borjas and Bronars (1989), Evans and Jovanovic (1989), Evans and Leighton (1989), Fairlie and Meyer (1996, 1998), Reardon (1998), Fairlie (1999), Wainwright (2000), Blanchflower and Wainwright (2005), and Blanchflower (2009) for the United States; Rees and Shah (1986), Pickles and O’Farrell (1987), Blanchflower and Oswald (1990, 1998), Meager (1992), Taylor (1996), Robson (1998a, 1998b), and Blanchflower and Shadforth (2007) for the UK; DeWit and van Winden (1990) for the Netherlands; Alba-Ramirez (1994) for Spain; Bernhardt (1994), Schuetze (1998), Arai (1997), Lentz and Laband (1990), and Kuhn and Schuetze (1998) for Canada; Laferrere and McEntee (1995) for France; Blanchflower and Meyer (1994) and Kidd (1993) for Australia; and Foti and Vivarelli (1994) for Italy. There are also several theoretical papers including Kihlstrom and Laffonte (1979), Kanbur (1990), Holmes and Schmitz (1990), Coate and Tennyson (1992), and Cagetti and DeNardi (2006), plus a few papers that draw comparisons across countries, i.e., Schuetze (1998) for Canada and the U.S., Blanchflower and Meyer (1994) for Australia and the U.S., Alba-Ramirez (1994) for Spain and the United States, and Acs and Evans (1994), Blanchflower (2000), Blanchflower, Oswald, and Stutzer (2001), and Blanchflower and Oswald (2008) for many countries. 228 Parker (2004) and Aronson (1991) provide good overviews. NERA Economic Consulting 147
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The State of Minority- and Women- O
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About the Project Team NERA Economi
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Notice This report sets forth the i
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Contents C. Race and Gender Dispari
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List of Tables Table 4.5. Services
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List of Tables Table 5.14. Disparit
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List of Tables Table 7.10. M/WBE Ut
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List of Tables Table 8.10. Percent
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List of Tables Table AC.32. Industr
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C. Defining the Relevant Markets Ex
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Table A. Overall Current Availabili
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Executive Summary disparity analysi
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Executive Summary • A greater sha
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Executive Summary Table C. Utilizat
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Contracting Category/ M/WBE Type Ex
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Executive Summary contract performa
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I. Introduction Introduction The Ci
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Legal Standards for Government Affi
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B. Preparing the Master Contract/Su
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Defining the Relevant Markets Table
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• Franklin County, OH (Columbus)
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NAICS Industry Group NAICS Descript
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Defining the Relevant Markets In AE
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NAICS Industry Group 8112 5412 5324
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NAICS Industry Group Source: See Ta
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NAICS Industry Group 4233 NAICS Des
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M/WBE Availability in the City of C
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NAICS Industry Group M/WBE Availabi
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Table 6.7. Types of Problems Facing
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Statistical Disparities in Capital
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Table 6.9. Determinants of Loan Den
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Table 6.10. Alternative Models of L
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Table 6.13. Models of Interest Rate
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1. Qualitative Evidence Statistical
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) Prejudice against women. c) Preju
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Table 6.19. Determinants of Loan De
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Table 6.21. Models of Interest Rate
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2. Differences in Loan Denial Rates
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Table 6.26. Determinants of Loan De
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Table 6.28. Models of Credit Card U
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Table 6.31. Determinants of Interes
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B. M/WBE Utilization M/WBE Utilizat
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M/WBE Utilization and Disparity in
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Anecdotal Evidence of Disparities i
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The City of Cleveland’s Cleveland
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Blanchflower, D. G., P. Levine and
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References Fairlie, R. W. (1999),
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References Ladd, H. F. (1998), “E
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References U.S. Census Bureau (2004
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Appendix A. Glossary Demand-side: R
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Appendix A. Glossary NSSBF or SSBF.
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Appendix B. Master M/WBE Directory
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Appendix B. Master M/WBE Directory
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Appendix C. Detailed Utilization, A
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NERA Economic Consulting Barton Cre
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