LICHENS AND LICHEN. PARASITES

122 B.A.N.Z. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH EXPEDITlON
Capitularia Floerke, Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, Mag., 1, 294; 1807 without formal description
or combinations ; Ib:d., 2, 132 ; 1808 with formal combinations.
Cmomyce Ach., Lichenogr. Univ., 105,526 ; 1810.
Schasmaria Ach. [as subgenus of Cenomyce] , Sy n. Lich. 271 ; 1814. Gray [as genus], Nat. Arr.
Brit. Pl., 1,416 ; 1821. Capitularia sect. Chasmaria Mart., F1. Cryptog. Erlang., 271 ; 1817.
Cladowia sect. Chasmaria Floerke, Clad. Comm., 125 ; 1828.
Type: Hill first segregated Cladonia from Coralloides Dillenius for those species which were
branched but not scyphiferous, dividing the species into two groups, those with hollow, and those
with solid podetia. In the first group, which corresponds to Cladonia of later writers, he treated
C. furcata and C. ramosissima cava (C. ramgiferdnu group) in detail and listed the great, soft,
open Ckhia (C. uncialis), the curled Cladonia (C. crispata 5) and theprickly, distorted Cldonia
(C. furcata war. racemosa). The solid group was composed of rather heterogeneous elements such
as species of Roccella, Cetraria, Parmelia (lanata and tristis), Stereocaulon, Sphaerophorus and
Ramtcclina. Weber treated C. polymorpha (corresponding to Pyxid;ium Hill), C. rangiferimz, C.
uncidis, C. subulatus (C. furcata), C. paschalis (Stereocaulon paschde) and C. frayilk (Sphaerophorw
fragilis) . Since C. rangiferina has been segregated in a small separate genus or subgenus
and C. uncidis belongs in another small subgenus which may be raised to generic rank, it seems ,
best to consider C. furcata (Hill ex Huds.) Schrad. (C. subulata Weber) as, the type of Cladmbia
[Hill] Weber.
Hill's segregate Pyxidium from Coralloides Dillenius for the scyphiferous species, included
C. fimbriata (including C. verticillata), C. pyxidata and C. tubaeforntis, treated in detail and listed
seven others including species with red and brown apothecia. Persoon lists Lichsn cornucopioides,
L. pyxidatus and L. deforntis. Since L. pyxidatw is common to both treatments and is described in
detail in the former, it may be considered as the type of Pyxidiumr (Hill) Pers.
Scyphophorzcs Ach. as a subgenus, included 22 species with both red and brown apothecia.
Michaux repeated Acha~ius' description: when he used the name for a genus but treats only
S. sulphurhtus and S. vertkdlasis. In his Scyphophora, Gray treated 17 species with both red and
brown apothecia. Since, if the scyphiferous species are ever segregated as a genus, Scyphophorus
and Scyphophora would fall into synonymy with Pyxidiz~nt [Hill] Pers., selection of a type is
mimportant.
Helopodiunt Ach. was based on four species. Michaux repeats Acharius' description, but
treats only H. ~apita~tunt hlichaux, hence the latter should be considered the type of Helopodiunt
as a genus.
Capitularia Floerke was proposed primarily for the scyphiferous species, of which C. pydata
may be taken as the type, hence it falls into exact synonymy with Pyxidium [Hill] Pers. Later it
was extended by Martius, F1. Cryptog. Erlangensis, 260 ; 1817, to include all groups now included
in Cladonia.
Cenomyce Ach. included 41 species falling into all groups of Cladonb as understood at present.
Schasmaria Ach. as a section, was based on C. cenotm, C. parecha, C. crispata and C. sparassa
(now regarded as a synonym of C. sqzmmosa (Scop.) Hoffm. var. denticollis (Hoffm.) Floerke).
When Gray used Schas?naria as a genus, he treated only S. sparassa,, which should be considered
as the type.
Primary thallus persistent or evanescent, squamulose to small foliose ; upper cortex fastigiate,
of vertical, conglutinate hyphae, highly gelified and distintegrating above; algal layer continuous