LICHENS AND LICHEN. PARASITES

DODGE-LICHENS AND LICHEN PARASITES 133
number of conical rays tipped with apothecial initials or minute cups, finally producing several
cups nearly as large as the original cup, and dying at the base; cortex not clearly developed at
any stage; algal colonies small, discrete, forming soredia about 30-4jr. in diameter above, con-
fluent into much larger masses below ; medulla 18-25p thick, of very loosely tangled, sub-vertical
hyphae; chondroid axis 75-11OP thick, of thick-walled, hyaline, periclinal, conglutinate hyphae,
the cavity, at least in the cup, crossed by trabeculae of the same texture as the chondroid axis.
Apothecia immature, about 0.25 mm. in diameter, sessile 011 the margin of the cup, soon
convex, parathecium not qeveloped; hyopthecium 85-110p tall, of vertical brownish hyphae,
radiating from what appearsqo be the remains of an old spermogonium, continued above as
paraphyses with broad clavate 'and variously branched tips, cutting off spherical, thick-walled
brown cells about 5p in diameter, or two-celled ar9rospores about 5 X gr, forming the dark brow11
-
epithecium ; asci not developed.
Spermogonia sessile, nearly spherical, about 180p in diameter, dark brown, appearing black,
wall very thin, hymenium of spermatiophores completely lining the cavity, about 18-20p tall,
cutting off straight, cylindrical spermatia, 4-5 X 0.5p.
Some of the collections referred here contain several hundred podetia in various stages of
development. If certain ones be selected, one could separate the collections into several named
varieties and forms, but there are so many 'intergradations that it seems obvious that they
represent only stage# of development. The type represents a very old stage. It consists of four
masses of debris more or less covered by young squamules, apparently developing from soredia
or broken podetial squamules. One moribund podetial cup with the diaphragm nearly covered
by squamules developing from soredia in situ, bears a single decorticate proliferation nearly
denuded of squamules, bearing a partly broken cup apparently oblique and still sterile. Another
very much decayed cup bears a badly broken expanded cup completely denuded of squamules
and a proliferatipn of a less expanded cup split on one side, otherwise well covered with pulvinate
squamules And beginning to proliferate from two points on its margin. There are also two
much smaller proliferations from 'the decaying cup densely covered with squamules and not yet
expanded. Medulla K yellow at first, becoming fuscescent ; P-, growing points of primary thallus
P miniate red. There are broken remains of younger podetial cups on the other masses of debris.
,Since both Taylor and Muller-Argau mention apothecia, it is possible that Muller-Argau removed
a fertili:
i
podetium from one of the latter masses of debris, as two fragments of podetia look as
if ,the were cut with a knife rather than broken. In its present condition, the type specime~z is
~prac ically undeterminable, but such characters as survive, including the microscopic characters of
the erimary thallus, indicate that our material from Kerguelen belongs here and that the species
belongs in the C. fimbriata group rather than to the C. squamosa-C. subsquamosa group. It is
very fortunate that our material contains so many stages of development. Our material is also
closely related to C. fimbriata v. chondroidea Vainio, Acta Soc. pro Fauna F1. Fenn., 10, 334-342;
1894 [Monog. Cladoniarum Univ. 21 and its synonyms, but since all of the names in this group
are more recent and the types are not available for study, they need not concern us here.
The very young, slender podetia with ir~inute cups represent C. fimbriata, f. minor
(Krmplhbr.) yyl. originally described from St. Paul Island, also reported by Zahlbruckner as
f. simplex from Schwarzer See, Werth, noting that it is still smaller than f. minor (Retz.) Hag.,
and if seen while the outer layers are verrucose before the soredia are shed may account for Bouly
de Lesdain's report of C. pyxidata v. neglecta. A little later stage, when the cup is beginning to
expand and the basal verrucae are begii~iiiilg to elongate, kepresents C. pyxidata of Tuckerman's
report and C. pyxidata v. chorophaea of Muller-Argau and Bouly de Lesdain. Then the primary
cup is well expanded and the soredia and partly shed, when we have Crombie's report of